 So like we saw in last section, that there are a lot of political and economic realities that make the energy available and therefore what are the consequences of that available energy. We saw the floods from 2022, and this is not only happening in Pakistan. You go around, there was a huge flood in China. There were several floods in Germany two years ago, 2020, there was a huge flood which killed a lot of people and made a lot of damage. But what to do? Because only 10% of the energy is coming from renewable sources. 90% still coming from non-renewable sources that emit carbon dioxide that cause all this havoc on Earth. If you look at the Earth's economies, right, big economies, you can see that there are as it is shown in the slide that Europe and United States will, as we go forward, this is a plot that shows from 2016 to 2040 and it is in a million of tons of oil equivalent. Sometimes it's coal equivalent, sometimes it's oil equivalent. But look at only the comparative number. Don't look at the actual number. In America and Europe, their use has been reduced a lot. I mean, there are different ways to use it. We'll see what happens. But look at the other economies. China, India, the whole of Africa, Brazil. Brazil is a very good case that, up to 10 years ago, they used only sugarcane leaves to make alcohol and use it for energy. All bioenergy. 90% of their economy was dependent on bioenergy until they found oil, offshore oil. Now they just gave up completely on sugarcane. All these things are made of oil. It's such a big economy that it must be so much needed to support it. Now look at China. And the other things, the other economies, Turkey was also very good till now. You made a little mistake in that. But all these economies now say that you are telling us not to use oil. Now these people will say that you have reached where you had reached. I will show you a curve where they say that the more capital on GDP is given, the less the environmental effect will be. So you have gone through that. And you are telling us now that you are not going through that. So what is the solution? The solution is very easy. It's not easy, but the solution is that all these big economies support small economies. So that, like the Pakistan case, the effect that is happening in America in Pakistan, is it not necessary that they help Pakistan in this way to reduce the effects of this peace? It's logical, isn't it? So Pakistan is one place. There are many other places. So many big economies are increasing to support them. Energy sources are there. And the energy sources that are present now are non-renewable sources. Now look at this list. In this list, all the plants that are under construction are the list of 2018-2019. So all the plants that are under construction are the most natural gas plants in the world. At least this much awareness has been given to people that if they run from coal, then there will be a lot of damage, then it is better to run from natural gas. There is another reason for that. Have you heard the name of fracking? Fracking is a new technique from which gas comes out of the stone. It is happening all over the world. Even in Pakistan, I know where they have started their work here. There are a lot of losses for that. But due to that, there will be so much gas that they have left everything in the gas. Now look at this. Natural gas, wind and solar. All three are renewable energy. All the plants that are developing in the world are developing in all of them. Gas, wind and solar. And the expansion of the wind when we reach the wind section, I will tell you that it has increased so much that it has become a great hope that maybe we cannot fulfill our needs as much as coal and oil does. But we can do it up to 45% What will happen after 45%? We will explain in the last class what will happen after 45%. Now this is the list of those countries where oil comes out. Oil is reserved. It is not going to come out. It is the other production. Saudi Arabia is the biggest Iraq. There are some political issues about how it is coming out and why it is coming out and where it is going. There are all these things. But leaving that, these are just rough numbers. You can see that. And this is the list where the production is taking place. The top ratio is Saudi Arabia. Now these two keep competing. There has been a problem with Russia because of Ukraine. In 2012, there was so much competition that I will show you the chart that they kept flipping. Sometimes Saudi Arabia's production was too much. Sometimes Russia's production was too much. And because of that, the price of oil went down to negative. Negative. This means that they were giving you money to buy oil. Oil does not stop. It keeps going. Now, if the consumption is reduced, what will they do? And the prices went down because of their competition that they came to a negative price. I will show you the chart now. And then the other three United States. Despite that, the United States uses it. I will go ahead and tell you. More than that, about 50% of their needs are imported. Where do they import from? That is also an interesting story. There are two types of countries that produce oil. One is the organization of petroleum exporting countries. And there are many other people in it. Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, etc. But there are some that are non-OPEC countries. In non-OPEC countries, America, Russia, all these are non-OPEC countries. But all the countries of OPEC have a huge wealth. As you can see, 81% of oil is OPEC. They control the price. Non-OPEC, Russia, America, etc. OPEC people say that if we cover production, then the price increases.