 There are several reasons why they have expanded a lot faster in Latin America. I think the two perhaps crucial ones is one, the process of democratization, which has taken place in Latin America for a lot longer. And if you couple that with what Latin Americans call, Latin Americans call the social in Spanish or social debt, the process of a structural adjustment in the 80s and 90s generated very adverse conditions as far as social indicators, poverty increase, inequality increase. Employments became very precarious, labor markets didn't work properly, especially in terms of protecting workers. So that by the middle of the 90s and the end of the last century, there was a real sense that Latin Americans had to address these social debts, these longstanding accumulated deficits in terms of social and economic indicators. And if you put that together with the process of democratization, then that leads to an expansion of anti-poverty transfer programs, which are focused on sectors of the population which before did not have access to anything. There is truly a way of incorporating them into both the economy and the social protection system. And in Africa, have they called it the same way? In Africa, the process of democratization has been slower. It is, there are very good news on it for the last 10 years, but it hasn't really been as strongly strong and sustained as in Latin America. And on the other hand, I don't see Africans calling for governments to address the social debt. They don't seem to perceive it as social debt in part because the structural adjustment operated on conditions that were already pre-adverse for the majority of the population in Africa. So perhaps they don't have the sensitivity to the social debt. And if surveys of opinion in Africa, for example, ask people what they think the state should do and they have very low expectations of what the state could provide for them. Whereas in Latin America, that is precisely the opposite, as you saw in terms of the demonstrations in Brazil recently, there is a very strong sense that governments at the right institution to address this longstanding and accumulating social debt. You don't see in Africa people demonstrating in support of social transfers or in support of improved health and education. So I think that is the difference. Try to understand the drivers of Brazil's success and how those might be applied successfully in Africa. So it's an ambitious project and the end results are very uncertain and we're in the early stages. And I think what we can say at the moment is that there are certain features of Brazil's development process which appear to have parallels and potential applications in Africa. That's especially around issues like commodity export sector, it's around issues like regional divergence, the fact that some regions of Brazil are extremely poor, others are extremely wealthy, that polarization, one can find parallels to that in Africa. It's also the case that both Africa and Brazil are dominated by large river systems and large extent of tropical forests. There's something about the terrain and even the soils where there are clear parallels and of course if we go back way long ago in geological time, the two are joined up as you can see from the present day shapes. It seems a sort of city rather trivial point in some ways but there is this long historical association between the two and there are some social similarities between the two and there are similarities in terms of the export base. Of course there are huge differences and we'll be focusing on those as well but that's where this springs from this project. And it's a project which is funded by the UK's Department for International Development DFID and they see Brazil as having the potential to offer Africa some useful lessons. If you think about Brazilian northeast which is an arid area of a poor area, it's been the subject of a lot of regional policies going back 50 and 60 years and a certain amount has been learned from that experience and then already applied in parts of Africa and I think there's further potential to learn from what Brazil is doing as Brazil's social policies become more elaborate and more successful. I mean on the conditional cash transfer side for example, this is clearly where some African countries have already looked at what Brazil is doing and is starting to emulate that but I think there's further scope for that. But I mean moving beyond that, I mean we're talking about things like what kind of export sectors could African countries build based on what Brazil's done. I mean for example adding value to commodity exports, biofuels for example. And industrialisation, I mean there certainly is some scope from the Brazilian experience so it would appear for successful competitive industrialisation based on natural resource endowments and I think there are potential learning points there for a number of African economies and unexplored potential. The South to South cooperation and policy collaboration is a really important area which is developing. As countries like Brazil, India, Mexico are developing their international development collaboration agencies then that I think is going to become much more important and you see also the impact of that at the level of the G20 because added to quotes is mentioned Brazil is perceived internationally and four developing countries as having a kind of almost every representation quality in terms of the international organisation and the international architecture. So that is very important too, I mean it's an interesting fact that Lula for example visited 30 different capitals in Africa during his two years, two administrations. So they really have taken that into consideration. Now there are practical issues, practical developments too. The Brazilian agricultural technology agency in Brapa already has six offices in African countries and a Brazil-Africa collaboration project on social protection has facilitated visits from a lot of policy makers in Africa to Brazil to see how social policies work in practice and that has been extremely influential. Brazilians claim that there is always an area of Brazil that can have similarities in terms of baseline conditions with countries in Africa. Well it's like continents. That's right. So you have someone from Ghana, someone from Nigeria, well you can find municipalities in Brazil that have pretty similar conditions in terms of capacity for example and that program has been very effective. As we embark on this project of looking at the potential lessons from a Brazilian development model for Africa, economic conditions in Brazil in the last two years have really not looked that fantastic. Growth has stalled a bit, has stagnated a bit and of course you have the demonstrations. What is interesting and gives us some kind of optimism about the future is number one, the attitude that the government and politicians had to demonstrations in Brazil. It wasn't to discount what people were saying but to incorporate their views on what was going on. And in terms of the economy, again it seems that the external conditions that have affected growth are really very short term. So it's very likely that growth in the Brazilian economy will pick up again. And in fact the reason evidence is that this is happening, there has been a bit of a rebounding growth according to the latest figures. But I think one of the experiences of recent economic history in Brazil is just how tied Brazilian growth is to the international commodity cycle on the one hand and the availability of foreign capital on the other. And of course recently we've had this potential drying up of foreign capital with the end of quantitative easing. Of course a couple of days ago the Fed opted not to go down that route but everyone expects that will happen soon. And the other thing of course is that commodity prices have softened and that's been tied in with the slowdown of growth in China. So I think one of the big problems Brazil faces or the challenges it faces is perhaps not to return to the past where it underwent a series of boom and bust cycles based on fluctuations in the global commodity prices. So to try to avoid that what they did was to go through a process of industrialisation in the 50s and 60s and 70s. That hit a crisis point in the 80s and 90s and there's subsequently been market and trade liberalisation. But now Brazil to some extent is trying to reinvent that industrialisation model to try to avoid the over reliance on commodities exports and that's for example why you've had special industrial policy measures applied to the oil sector and applied to the automotive sector. And if I could add just one small kind of point, Brazil has very good tax collection capacity. At the moment they collect something like 34% of GDP in taxation which puts it at the level of southern European countries, Portugal, Spain, that sort of level. So it is only natural that the expectations of the population in Brazil are that with that level of taxation the basic services like education, health, housing should really be comparable to the level of tax that they are paying.