 We are back towards corporate governance and we have been talking about public policy, it is different elements and today we are going to be talking about framing of public policy, the limitations of government, the constraints of government, how the public tends to affect policy and then what is the different process of framing of public policy. Now, when we look at the limits to powers of democratic government then in matters of public policy or its implementation, government powers are restricted under the constitution law. So, in the context of Pakistan when we look at the constitution of Pakistan then that is the mother of all laws and everything has to be framed within the context of the constitution and nothing can be unconstitutional. The constitution law tends to define the limits of government to act the powers in each level of government and the rights of citizen. While the common law that is established adjudicated presidents giving the government the right to act in the interest of justice and fairness and when we talk about common law then we see that those countries which were ruled under the British Raj they all have the common law system which basically emanated from the historical legal frameworks and matrixes of the United Kingdom and other countries then adopted that same legal structure which tends to adjudicate based upon presidents and again in the interest of justice and fairness. So, that is what common law is all about while the constitution law remains within the constitution which is defined. The limits to powers of democratic government, limits to powers of non democratic monarchy, dictatorship, religious rulers or socialist state, no limits on the power of the government except the tolerance of the people. Again when we look at democracies it is by the people for the people and again what we see is that the people tend to determine how the nation has to move forward or it keeps on going along with the different stakeholders and the different political actors which either are in the government or are in the opposition. When these governments exceed public tolerance the usual result is violent actions to change the government. We saw it in Uganda, we have seen it in the different spring revolutions taking place from Syria and then moving on to Lebanon, moving down towards Yemen. So all of these spring revolutions again have been seen and even in Pakistan sometimes we see that the public becomes volatile and tends to rise against the different stakeholders because they feel that there is something which is not right and it sees the public tolerance. Constitutional governments in a constitution-elected system of governance, the will of the people and their desires get reflected in public policies, petitions through elected representatives, public debate in election campaigns and promises given in election manifesto. So again Pakistan is a democracy, Pakistan has a constitution government and Pakistan has a very elaborated constitution of Pakistan 1971 and again that constitution tends to define the parameters on which different policies can be framed. So that is extremely important. Media promotion exposure as amply demonstrated by the check on use of tobacco causing cancer, public demonstrations etc. Some of the ways of framing public policy under constitutional methods. So the media itself is a very big stakeholder and either it can promote something or it can discourage something and based upon that public opinion is basically made and then it is framed within the parliament. In non-government governments we see that special interest lobbying of the leadership elite complete with illegal bribes and payments, international pressure for change, media is controlled very much under these governments. So what we see is that it becomes the very negation of democracy and media is controlled, their special interests is a lot of corruption taking place and then they also succumbed to international pressure because they do not have the validity to basically rule and that basically puts these governments at a lot of risk also. So again it is very important to understand that when we are talking about framing a public policy from a democratic context then there is a different approach altogether and if there is a non-democratic government there is a dictatorship or there are certain elite groups which are leading the nation then the consequences will always be different. Thank you so much.