 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session on dentistry and more. So last session we had seen thyroid gland disorders in physiology. So topic for today is pituitary gland disorders. So basically the disorders of any gland could be of two reasons, similarly the pituitary gland also has the hyperactivity problems or hypoactivity. So this hyperactivity is the over functioning and hypoactivity is the under functioning of pituitary gland which both creates problem. Moving on we have the list of disorders of pituitary gland. We can classify it as anti-repituitary, post-repituitary and the hyperactivity problems and the hypoactivity. In anti-repituitary the hyperactivity causes gigantism, acromegaly, then the Cushing's disease whereas the hypoactivity the dwarfism and Siemens disease. But as a post-repituitary we have the hyperactivity which causes syndrome of inappropriate hypersecretion of ADH that is anti-diuretic hormone and the hypoactivity causes diabetes, insipidus. So we'll learn one by one. First we have the gigantism, the gigantism is caused by the anterior pituitary hypersecretion in gigantism we have the basic causes of gigantism it could be the hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood or in pre-adult time or it can be due to a tumor of acidophilic cells of anterior pituitary. So basic signs and symptoms are 7 to 8 feet height, hyperglycemia develops glycosuria then there will be pituitary, diabetes mellitus and headache due to the tumor of pituitary which will disturbances and this gigantism ends in hypo pituitary that is a burning of cells of anterior pituitary. Now next we have the hypersecretion condition that is acromegaly, acromegaly it is the anterior pituitary disorder which is characterized by enlargement, thickening and broadening of the bonds particularly the extremities of the body. So the causes could be again the hypersecretion of growth hormone or it could be due to a tumor which is present in the anterior pituitary. So what are the signs and symptoms? So signs are like the protrusion of face they are the striking features just the supra orbital ridges are protruded then there will be broadening of nose, thickening of lips, thickening and wrinkles formation on forward there will be protruded lovage which is prognathism and ultimately it leads to an appearance which is known as gorilla face and there will be kyphosis which is an enlargement of hands and feet with bowing spine and scalp is thickened and drawn into folds there will be overgrowth of body hair, visceral organs are enlarged and thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands show hyperactivity, hyperglycemia and glucosuria and hypertension, headache and there will be visual disturbance. Now we have the third one that is Cushing's disease. Cushing's disease is another form but it is very rare it is resulting in obesity cause is like hypersecretion of glucocorticoids mainly the cortisol but it can be a pituitary origin or adrenal origin if it is pituitary origin which is known as pituitary sorry the Cushing's disease whereas the adrenal gland origin known as the Cushing's syndrome you might have heard Cushing's syndrome both are different this Cushing's disease by the pituitary gland hypersecretion or hyperfunctioning Cushing's syndrome is by the adrenal gland which is the small gland which is present above the kidneys okay so what are the problems associated with Cushing's disease so it is there is increased secretion of ACTH adenocorticotropic hormone which leads to hyperplasia of adrenal cortex then there will be hypersecretion of glucocorticoids so this ACTH is increased by either by tumor in pituitary cells that is a basophilic cells or the malignant tumor of non endocrine origin like cancer of links or abdominal viscera then the signs and symptoms of this Cushing's disease the one thing is disproportionate distribution of body fat which results in moon phase moon phase that is a fat accumulation and retention of water and salt then there will be a fat accumulation in chest and abdomen but with slim legs and arms and there will be buffalo hump that is fat deposition on the back of neck and shoulder then there will be port belly that is the fat accumulation in upper abdomen is a characteristic feature of Cushing's disease moon phase buffalo hump and port belly then there will be purple striped it is very striking one purple striped as you see the picture here there will be reddish purple stripes on the abdomen due to mainly three reasons one is a stretching of abdominal wall by excess subcutaneous fat or it could be due to the retro sub dermal tissues due to the stretching or the deficiency of collagen fibers due to protein depletion other features are thinning of extremities thinning of skin and subcutaneous tissues darkening of skin on neck which is known as acontosis then the pigmentation of skin then facial redness which is known as facial plethora and weakening of muscle then facial hair growth which is known as esotericism which is the facial hair growth then bone resorption which leads to osteoporosis then hyperglycemia due to gluconeogenesis which leads to adrenal diabetes and glycosuria there will be hypertension then poor healing immunosuppression which so that was all about hyperactivity now let's learn what are the problems with hypoactivity of pituitary gland in hypoactivity the first one is dwarfism so dwarfism is pituitary disorder in children characterized by standard growth so the cause of dwarfism could be the reduction in the growth hormone in infancy or early childhood or it could be due to the deficiency of growth hormone releasing growth hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus or the deficiency of stomata or median or atrophy of acedophilic cells or tumors of the pituitary gland all those can leads to this dwarfism condition the signs and symptoms are standard skeletal growth the maximum height approximately will be three feet compared to the five or six feet head becomes slightly larger in relation to the body mental activity is normal without any deformity the reproductive system is not affected due to the lack of growth hormone so that dwarfism is basically a genetical disorder or also known as sensitivity insensitivity of growth hormone so that was about the dwarfism now we have the simons disease simons disease we have many other disease but we are focusing mainly on the popular one so the simons disease it's a very rare pituitary disease also called as cataxia cataxia and it is developing a senile decay that is senile decay is due to the deficiency of hormone from target glands of anterior pituitary that is the thyroid adrenal cortex and the gonads loss of hair and loss of teeth the skin of face becomes dry and wrinkled it's very common sign and simons disease so that was all about the hyperactivity we have one more condition that is the acro this is the first one then second one and the third one is acromycra acromycra which is a condition where the adults they are characterized by the atrophy of the extremities of the body it is by the deficiency of growth hormone releasing hormone and this is related to the hyposecretion of hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormone or there will be loss of sexual function and person becomes lethargic and obese so these are common pituitary gland disorders that is hypoactivity hyperactivity we have studied the gigantism cushing's disease whereas hyperactivity is the dwarfism so dwarfism and sorry we have gigantism that is a hyposecretion this is dwarfism just hyposecretion then we have the cushing's disease we have we have the simons simons disease or the acromegaly so posterior pituitary problem with hyposecretion is SIADH which is a syndrome of inappropriate hyposecretion of anti diuretic hormone which is the disease characterized by loss of sodium loss of sodium through urine due to the hyposecretion of ADH it could be due to a tumor or any other problem associated with uh length or length cancer so some symptoms like loss of appetite weight loss nausea vomiting headache muscle weakness fatigue restlessness and irritability now the most common one that is associated with posterior lobe of pituitary gland that is diabetes insipidus which is characterized by excess excretion of water through urine so it could be due to a lesion or injury of this hypothalamus or atrophy of posterior pituitary the most common sign science and symptom is polyuria that is daily output will be 4 to 12 liters so this excretion of large quantity of diluted urine with increased frequency of void and due to this absence of ADH the epithelial cells of this distal convoluted tubular is a part of uh nephron and the collecting duct of kidney becomes impermeable to water so water will be completely lost and polydipsia so that is another one polydipsia that is the intake of excess water because of polyuria there will be definitely thirst so it results in intake of large quantity of water so water is not getting absorbed to the body because this DCT that is the distal convoluted tubular and the collecting duct in the kidney becomes impermeable to water then after that there will be dehydration dehydration in some cases the thirst center and hypothalamus is also affected by the lesion so that was about uh posterior pituitary gland problems that is SIADH and diabetes insipidus so we completed pituitary gland disorders in brief it was not a very detailed session but it was quite enough to get you marks in your university paper physiology paper so the kushing's disease acromegaly jaja and sm uh the semen's disease or diabetes insipidus dwarfism all are very important might be asked as a short note or short essay and this pituitary gland disorders might be asked as a main essay so i'll come up with a newer topic in the industry and more thank you