 I'm going to come, then, to our second speaker, who is, of course, Sheikh Tidean Gadiou, who is a former Foreign Minister of Senegal, who is currently the President of the Institute of Pan-African Studies, and who, as I said earlier, has a great amount of experience in conflict mediation and resolution. Sheikh. Thank you very much. I would like to greet our friend Thierry and wish him and wish him a happy 10th anniversary. I would like to tell him that the people of Biennial do not have the right to retreat. So we are still here for several decades to continue the work. Africa, for me, is a continent that is relatively poorly treated from the point of view of manicheism, with which Africa is aborted. For some, everything goes wrong, for others, everything goes well or everything starts to go well. I think it is necessary to try to kill the cursor in the middle. There are things that go well, that go much better, but there are things that go even worse, even very, very badly. This morning, I was listening to Radio France International, it was not a part of my contribution, and I hear three extremely interesting new successes. The first, we are informed that the soldiers of Barhal in Mali, in the North Mali, were cut down, very generous, 15 million French people, about $30,000, to dig a well into villages. And they say that these villages are 20 to 25 km away to look for water. And that children cannot be educated, can't go to school, because you have to do at least 5 to 6 km to have access to water, which means that these children can't go to school. And we were reminded that one-third of the North Mali has no access to water. I said, here is a concrete question of the development of Africa. We must pose a serious question, after 60 years of independence, should we be there, or one-third of the population of the North Mali, which is two-thirds of the Mali, one-third of the North Mali population, has no access to water? And it seems very concrete to me. Second information, we are told that with a chassat, we collect 9,000 tonnes of waste per day. And that it's the European Union that gives 9 million dollars a year to finance the property of a chassat. It gives me problems in the country called the RDC, potentially the richest country in the world, whether it's the European Union, who takes care of the drainage of the waste in a chassat. So it seems very open that comes to a number of reasons. And now, after 66 years of independence, it seems very open that's now thinking about the production of this sector. Who do you see? Is that we're talking about the project in which we're talking about a project which is committed now by the partner sector is a bigger user, which I think has been sent to Africa. Africa that comes to Africa's support on the inside rather than what we heard as a discussion. All this to make me say that I think that to respect the African continent, it's to tell him the truth if we are exterior and it's to tell him the truth if we are African. It seems to me that it's not going to work on many aspects. Yesterday, the FD's boss said that it's interesting that Africa has 2,500 billion dollars of GDP. 2,500 billion. I was sitting in the room, I was a little surprised. I understand that it's observed constant progress and that it doesn't reduce, but at the same time, I compared Africa with South Korea, which in 1960, made 3 billion dollars of GDP. Today, it's 1,500 billion dollars of GDP. That is, the total of 25 countries in Africa in some countries had a GDP higher than South Korea in 1960. Nigeria had 4.2 billion of GDP in 1960. South Korea had 3.6 billion. So I think it's not acceptable that a country like South Korea goes almost on the same basis, maybe even with less resources than the African countries. And that after 60 years, we are told that Africa has totaled 25, 2,500 billion and that South Korea alone has 1,500 billion. It's very good that Morocco joins the CDAO and brings 100 billion of its GDP to the level of the CDAO. But I hope that Morocco's arrival will also support the global function of the CDAO and that we see as well what Morocco brings, experiences and others, and what the CDAO can offer and the internal reflection that the CDAO must bring. A CDAO, a regional community, united, politically united. Because that's where the Babel is. We do everything to avoid political unity. We are thrown into the history of economic integration. For 40 or 45 years, we have been doing economic integration. The result is 12% to 14% of inter-CDAO exchange, where Asia is almost at 60%. Europe, we don't talk about it, we are beyond 66%. It's not going to work. We need to change the paradigm. We need to change the paradigm. The paradigm needs to be changed. I'm asking the question. There's no need for you to do things all alone. And someone who assisted in the Louia summit in 1963, and we can't assume it to be an extremist. It's a cultured man, a very moderate man, who's called Bashir Ben-Yahmeh of Africa. He said about two weeks ago something absolutely extraordinary and confirms that those who defend the unity and integration of Africa are absolutely right. Bashir says, and I'm going to take one of these, if you're African or if you're not, you're interested in the place of Africa in the world. You can think that this continent shouldn't be, excuse me, this is a big one, but it's a smaller one. So this now I have to put my glasses on. I was pretending I had no eyesight. OK. So you can think that this continent shouldn't be transcribed into 54 states that are independent and that are not viable. Africa could have become a federal state if it became a federal state. The number of languages and the number of languages and ethnic groups would have been called the United States of Africa. We would have regrouped into an autonomous state, the independent state, independent states, independent states. It would have then built the third state of the world by the population after China and India, which would pass in the next two decades, and its economy would have been the fourth after China, the United States, and the United States. This state would have produced 75% of the platinum, 55% of the diamond, and 20% of the gold extracted in the world. No other country would have equaled the United States for the wealth of its subsurface. And it would have concluded that this is a dream, a dream, etc. So I want to continue this dream. I continue to think that we have to continue. It's not a dream. It's an objective, because it's a question of survival that is posed to Africa with a security challenge. Terrorism is moving towards Africa to make our continent the epicenter of world terrorism, with Al-Shabaab, with Boko Haram, with Al-Qaeda, and Boko Haram in 2014-2015 has made more victims of the civilian population of Daesh. But as Daesh interests the West and some countries for different reasons, very close to oil and other, Boko Haram has not been very interested, but Boko Haram has done much more than that. And Africa is threatened. The whole area of the Sahel is a permanent dustbin. And beyond these questions, we are not the means of an adequate response. You have seen all the debates of the G5 Sahel on how to put in place African special forces to defend the continent. We are looking for ways to fight and the partners, we are very, very much on this question. But we are not going back to this. And I'm just trying to conclude. That's what we're going to propose. We need to go to G5 plus 5. Because in the first place, we have found a normal country like Senegal, who can bring a lot to G5, but has not been invited. But we're going to pass this debate, and we're going to do it today. The current G5, plus Senegal, plus Morocco, who has an extraordinary experience in terms of intelligence and other things, plus Algeria, which is the only country in the world for the moment to have won the domestic terrorism in the 90s, and which has a great experience, plus Nigeria, which is all over the North and Sahel, with the Boko Haram problem, plus Cameroon, which is a regional power. It's 5 plus 5. We are simply financed by the G5 Sahel without the need to ask them everywhere. Africa manages conflicts quite extraordinarily, and we need to find innovative solutions. We need to find innovative solutions. Eritrea is a problem. We ask ourselves thousands of questions about what is going on in Eritrea. Somalia is a problem. The RDC, since 1960, has not had a repute. The Burundi today, the RCA today. You take all these countries, you realize that Africa has to remove the security crisis, which is under the form of terrorism, criminal security, human trafficking, human trafficking, weapon trafficking, migration, which is the greatest tragedy experienced by Africans. When we talk about migration, we think about Europe. The greatest tragedy experienced by Africans is today, having this massive hemorrhage of our youth, which is our main asset, which we will lose in the seas and in the desert. They will drown, they will die in the desert, and that was the main asset of Africa. So Africans and their friends, it's time to change the paradigms and to reflect again on how to see how they can face the problems. Thank you. Thank you.