 Okay, let's see what is a Kerogram. Kerogram basically it is a software tool to assess the caries risk of a patient. So we can assess caries risk by using various methods. Usually we conduct examination on patient's salivary flow rate, its buffering capacity, the amount of plaque, the exposure to fluoride, the brishing frequency and the sugar exposure, the frequency of sugar, consistency of sugar. Since dental caries is a multifactorial disease, the prediction of this risk is a bit complicated. It is not easy to predict because there are many factors involved in caries development. So Kerogram is the, so a Kerogram will look like this, it looks like a pie, it is a pie chart basically with five colors, green, yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. Each color represents a certain section of predictors that is the components of caries formation and the green one is a different thing that I will tell you later. So it is invented by a scientist named D. Brathal. So D. Brathal invented the Kerogram to estimate the caries risk of a person. So Kerogram is the most accurate tool to predict the caries risk of a person. So it is a risk estimation of dental caries. Since caries is a multifactorial disease, it is not easy to predict a caries development. So all these sections, that is all four sections, so we just keep the green section apart. The rest four sections are the components or the factors which involved in the caries formation. So it includes all the multifactorial components of a dental caries. So by asking the questions related to caries formation, we will quantify it, that is we will give numbers for each questions, answers and we will add up the numbers and we will compute it because it is a software and finally we get a percentage. The whole pie will be 100% so each part of the pie will be certain percentage. The green will be certain percentage, yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. All becomes percentage. So finally what we have to find is the percentage of green section. So that is what important. So green section will not be created at the first because we are asking questions related to the other four sectors that is yellow, light blue, red and dark blue. So depending upon the answers, it may become a big section or a small section, ultimately produces a smaller green section or a bigger green section. So here we can see the all five sections, that is five parts of a pie chart with certain percentage. This is just a hypothetical example. So let's see what is that green color. Green color is actual chance of avoid new cavities. The green color indicates that the percentage protective power of person against caries. If the pie chart is entirely green, that is 100% that means the person has zero chance to develop new carries. If the person's green section is zero percentage, instead of 100% the person has no protection against tender carries and he may have a lot of carries. So green section says the protection against tender carries. So how the green section is getting into that percentage depends on the all other four percentage other sectors. So let's see the dark blue sector. So the dark blue sector is diet. So in this section, we ask questions about diet content, whether it is sticky or not sticky and the frequency whether patient consumes more carouselic food less frequent or more frequent. So depending upon this answer will give marks or will count the response that is dark blue is diet. So we ask that content and that frequency. So since it's a multifactorial, the carries are multifactorial disease carries are multifactorial disease. So we highlight all the components that is diet, microbes, personal host factors, Asian factors and environmental factors. So the dark blue is diet, then the red sector is bacteria. So we have to count the amount of plaque by using any plaque indices and mutant streptococcus. Okay, we can take a swab and count the bacteria or we can use any indices to count the plaque. So the red sector is bacteria. So we count the amount of plaque by using any plaque indices and the amount of streptococcus using in a swab test. So the next thing is light blue, which is of susceptibility where we assess the fluoride program, salivary secretion and buffer capacity. So as we were seeing in dark blue, if the patient diet content is more karyogenic and diet frequency is more karyogenic, the dark blue sector will be more. Similarly, the patient's amount of plaque and the colonies of micro bacteria is more, the red sector will be more. It will be a bigger size. And similarly, the light blue, which is seeing the fluoride program if patient is taking any fluoride toothpaste or any other supplements of fluoride and patient's saliva flow is adequate or inadequate and buffering capacity is adequate or inadequate. If it is going inadequate or less amount of fluoride patient is taking, the more chances of kary is that is the light blue sector will be more. Okay, if the patient is having a good amount of fluoride exposure and good salivary flow and good buffering capacity, the light blue sector will be less. So the last one is yellow sector, which is circumstances. So we check the past kary's experience and other related diseases which can cause which can cause dental kary's. So we check the past kary's experience by using any DMFT indices and any other systemic diseases which can cause which can create chances of dental kary's. So we ask all these four sectors questions, not the green sector. The green sector will be made out of these four sectors answers. Okay, so you can see a k-dogram software. So it is a software in a computer. So you can see the questions like on the right side here kary's experience related disease, diet content, diet frequency, plaque amount, streptococcus, fluoride program, saliva secretion, buffer capacity. So all these are different questions of the four sectors we were talking about that is light blue, dark blue, yellow and red. So we can say that the diet content and frequency related to dark blue, the black amount and mutants streptococcus related to red sector and the light blue susceptibility that is saliva secretion, buffering capacity and fluoride program belong to the susceptibility light blue, the yellow section that are circumstances that is past dental kary's experience and related disease. So all we ask questions so you can see the numbers which is put here 023 and 022 similarly. So you can see here the numbers 023 you don't worry about this because we are not going to write in detail about the software. We are going to write about the concept and the five colors. So just to give a much insight to this kary's software. So we have this option 023, 022. So we enter all the values related to the questions, responses. So we get something like this. This is a hypothetical example. So after putting all the values we get something like this. You can see the response to one, two, three like that. So we get percentage. Ultimately, we get percentage. We are getting 32 percentage of diet, 26 percentage of bacteria and 13 percentage of susceptibility and 12 percentage of circumstances. How we get this percentage depends upon the patient's response to questions related to each sector. The green sector is not by the result of questions. It is how it is because we are adding all these four sectors that is 12 plus 13 plus 26 plus 32 it becomes 83. And we subtracted from 100 because the all pie chart will be 100 percentage. So 100 minus the remaining four sectors that is 83 becomes 17 percentage. So this patient has 17% chance of avoiding new dental cavities. The patient's carries risk is high because the red section is pretty much very narrow compared to the entire pie chart. Center pie chart is 100 percentage. When it is 100 percentage, patient has zero chance of carries. Since it is 17 percentage compared to 100, the patients has more chances of carries and patients carries risk is high. So this is all about K-reogram. So it is what we have to do an exam. We have to draw the pie chart with five colors and you can hypothetically give some percentage and each four sectors apart from green you have to mention the questions and you have to write it as the green sector means chance to avoid of dental carries or the carries risk because the green sector less carries risk lesser the green sector more carries risk. That is chance to avoid dental carries. That is all about K-reogram. Okay. Thank you.