 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IAS Academy. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Thiruvananthapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the news articles are provided in the description box. For the benefit of mobile phone viewers, the time stamping is also provided in the comment section. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article talks about the targets, the initiatives, various measures taken by government of India as response to climate change as announced by the Prime Minister in the United Nations Climate Action Summit of 2019. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. Yesterday at the United Nations, the Secretary General of United Nations has convened a Climate Action Summit in New York. He has asked countries to come with concrete and realistic plans to enhance their nationally determined contributions. See, the enhancement in NDCs are required for two purposes. One, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the tune of around 45% by 2030 and to arrive at net zero emissions by 2050. When we say net zero emissions, this means there can be certain emissions by the countries, but these emissions has to be neutralized or these emissions has to be absorbed by carbon sinks like trees and forests. If you see Paris Agreement of 2015, this agreement came into action to strengthen the global response to climate change. So according to this agreement, there are two main quantitative ways to significantly reduce the risks and impact of climate change. One, the world should keep or hold the increase in the global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius from or above pre-industrial levels. Then at the same time, the countries have also should pursue necessary efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial levels. So how to make each country to respond to climate change? So they devised a strategy called as nationally determined contributions. So every nation has to prepare, communicate and has to maintain nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve. We know that Paris Climate Agreement is a result of 21st session of Conference of Parties of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. But the COP 19 of UNFCCC, which was held in Warsaw in 2013, it invited all parties to initiate domestic preparations for their intended national determined contributions and to communicate these contributions well in advance of COP 21. Therefore, in the year 2015, during Gandhi Jayanti, Government of India has submitted its intended nationally determined contributions. So overall, Indian contributions can be clubbed into eight sub-headings. One is to propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. Then to achieve cleaner economic development, that is to adopt a climate friendly and a cleaner path for economic development. Then to reduce emission intensity of GDP, that is to reduce the emission intensity of GDP in 2005 by 33 to 35% by the year 2030. That is what we mean when we say reducing emissions intensity of India's GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level. India has committed to increase the share of non-fossil fuel based electricity. India strives to achieve 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources. That is by the year 2030 of the installed electric power capacity, 40% shall be from non-fossil fuel based energy resources. At present, majority of our installed electric power capacity is based on fossil fuel energy resources, particularly coal. Then India has committed to enhance carbon sinks, that is, forests and trees. This is to be achieved by creating an additional carbon sink of 2.52 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by additional forest and tree cover and this has to be achieved by 2030. And then India aims to better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in sectors that are vulnerable to climate change, particularly agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region, coastal regions, health management and disaster management. These are the areas that are vulnerable to climate change. Agriculture is connected to food security, but when agriculture is rain fed agriculture due to deficit monsoon, there could be challenges to food production. And as a result, this sector is vulnerable. And then because of increase in global annual temperature, there could be shortage of water resources, particularly perennial water resources. And therefore water resources is also a sector that is vulnerable to climate change. We have been seeing about water stress and also about water scarcity. Then Himalayan region. Imagine because of climate change and global warming, the ice caps in Himalayas melt and this will lead to flash floods and other floods. And if ice caps are lost, that means loss of perennial water resources in the particular region. Then coastal regions are also vulnerable because once ice caps in say Arctic Circle, if they melt, then sea level will increase. Increase in sea level means submersion of islands. So many small islands are actually pressing for limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Because according to them, if it goes to 2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels, many islands will definitely be submerged by 2100. Health management is also vulnerable to climate change. Say for example, heat waves and associated health consequences. Food security and associated health consequences. And climate change will also lead to several natural disasters. So, Government of India has decided to better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in the vulnerable sectors. Then India has committed to mobilizing finance within India and also from developed countries to implement various climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. And finally, India has targeted to build capacities and to create domestic framework and international architecture for quick spread and diffusion of cutting edge climate technologies in India. So these are some of the nationally determined contributions submitted by India at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. And this is how India is going to respond to the threats of climate change in the next 10 years. We know that India has set a target of creation of 175 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity by 2022, the 75th year of Indian independence. The news article mentions that this was announced by the Prime Minister as a part of Paris Agreement. This component will come in minimizing the dependence on fossil fuel based energy resources. So we know that under 175 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity, India aims to develop 100 gigawatt capacity from solar energy, 60 gigawatt from wind, 10 from biomass, 5 from small hydropower. The news is that yesterday in the Climate Action Summit, Prime Minister has said that once we reach 175 gigawatt by 2022, the next target to be achieved in the later period is 450 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity. Then as a part of India's measures with respect to water resources in climate action, the Prime Minister spoke about Gel Jeevan Mission. This mission has been launched for water conservation, rainwater harvesting and for development of water resources. This mission operates under Gel Shakti Ministry, particularly under the department of drinking water and sanitation. Here the main focus of the mission is management of water at the local level with respect to the demand and supply. It also includes creation of local infrastructure, water source sustainability. Here when we say local infrastructure, it could mean rainwater harvesting structures, groundwater recharge mechanisms and management of household wastewater so that it can be reused in agriculture. And one of the objectives of this mission is to provide piped water supply to all rural households by the year 2024. The overall ambition of this mission is to achieve sustainable water supply management across the country. Then with respect to climate action and transport sector, the Prime Minister spoke about two things to make this sector a green sector. One is with respect to electric mobility or e-mobility which deals with electric vehicles so as to move away from fossil fuel based vehicles, that is to move away from petrol and diesel based vehicles than to move to electric vehicles. With respect to this we can talk about Fame India phase two. We know that this phase two of Fame India scheme has commenced from 1st April 2019. And for a period of three years from April 2019, the government has made a financial outlay of rupees 10,000 crores. The government has committed to encourage faster adoption of electric vehicles by providing upfront financial incentive or kind of discount when someone purchases electric vehicles. The second measure announced by the Prime Minister to make the transport sector green is about biofuel blending in petrol and diesel. On September 4, we discussed about ethanol blending in petrol and how it is beneficial to the environment. That day we also saw about ethanol blended petrol program. It is said that the non-blended petrol causes more pollution compared to biofuel blended petrol or in other words ethanol blended petrol. The news article also talks about banning single use plastics. So we know that to prevent and address the environmental pollution caused by single use plastics, the Prime Minister during Independence Day speech has called all Indian citizens to make India free from single use plastics. See these single use plastics are disposable plastics commonly used for packaging and these items are intended to be used only once and after the use they are generally thrown away or rarely recycled in the present scenario. These single use plastics are therefore harmful to the environment and harmful to wildlife and also human beings as these plastics are non-biodegradable. The Prime Minister also spoke about an international initiative that was taken by our country to respond to threats of climate change that is international solar alliance. This international solar alliance was jointly launched by India and France in 2015 on the sidelines of COP 21 of UNFCCC. It is an alliance of more than 120 solar resource rich countries that are lying fully or partially between tropics of cancer and Capricorn. The purpose of international solar alliance is to provide a dedicated platform for cooperation among the solar resource rich countries to help in achieving increasing the use of solar energy in meeting the energy needs. So as to minimize the dependence on fossil fuel based energy resources. One speciality with respect to international solar alliance is that it is the first full-fledged treaty based international intergovernmental organization that is headquartered in India. Its headquarters is situated in National Institute of Solar Energy Campus in Gurugram in the state of Haryana. These are some of the important and recent measures that are already taken by government of India to respond to climate change. Yesterday during this climate action summit, Prime Minister has announced or launched two new international initiatives. One is the launch of new leadership group for industry transition to move from high emissions to lower net zero emissions. The purpose of this leadership group for industry transition is to guide the world's heaviest greenhouse gas emitting industries to move to low carbon economy to achieve the targets of Paris climate agreement. This initiative is a public private initiative. It's not totally composed of leaders of various countries rather it is a conglomeration of public representatives and private industries and other stakeholders. When we saw international solar alliance it was launched by India and France but this initiative is launched by India and Sweden. So this leadership group will be led by India and Sweden. The second international initiative launched by India is the International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. The purpose here is to serve as a platform to generate knowledge on disaster climate resilience and to exchange these knowledge among other partners. So this will bring together the technical expertise in disaster and disaster management from various stakeholders. And this also aims to create a mechanism to support and assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices with regard to infrastructure development in addressing or managing the disaster risks. In yesterday's event certain countries were not allowed to speak. One among them is United States and reports say that this is because of the President of United States intentions to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. See India has ratified this agreement whereas United States has only accepted this agreement and has not ratified this agreement yet. In the another news article we could see that Russia formally accepts the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. But we should note that though Russia has signed the deal in 2016 it has accepted the deal only now but they have not ratified yet. Such instances show that even though countries like United States and Russia has not ratified this deal India has signed the deal and also ratified it showing complete acceptance and complete will to respond to the threats of climate change. We saw briefly about Paris Climate Change Agreement and then intended national determined contributions of India. Then we saw about Jal Jeevan Mission, India's Renewable Energy Targets. Then we saw briefly about FAME India Phase 2, Single Use Plastics, International Solar Alliance and two new international initiatives. One the leadership group of industry transition and then international coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure. With this we come to the end of analysis of these news articles. Now let us move on to next article. This news article talks about the third edition of Indian Sign Language Dictionary. The author states that the third edition is likely to have 4000 additional words and for the first time there will be words with respect to agriculture and most probably this third edition will be released in next year 2020. See according to a UN General Assembly resolution which was adopted in December 2017. Every year 23rd September has to be observed as International Day of Sign Languages. The purpose is to raise awareness of the importance of sign language for the full realization of human rights of people who are deaf. The first International Day of Sign Languages was observed in the year 2018 that is last year and the week beginning from 23 September to 29 September is designated as International Week of the Deaf. This is the terminology that has been used in the United Nations Circle. Now with respect to definition for deafness according to World Health Organization it refers to complete loss of ability to hear from one or both ears. And the theme of this year's International Day of Sign Languages is sign language rights for all. See sign languages are full-fledged natural languages they are structurally different or distinct from the spoken languages. There is also an international sign language which is used by hearing impaired population in the international meetings and informally during the socialization process. Now the Indian Sign Language Dictionary Project is being carried out by a center called as Indian Sign Language Research and Training Center. This training center was established in 2015 under the Admin and Financial Control of Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities. This department comes under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. See the first edition of the dictionary was launched in March 2018 with 3000 words. At that time it consisted of words from five categories particularly it included terms that are used in day-to-day communication with corresponding words in English and Hindi. It was released in a DVD format. The second edition was launched in February this year with 6000 words and most probably the third edition of the dictionary will be released in next year. The specialty with respect to the third edition according to this news article is that the third edition will be having words related to agriculture for the first time. Note that these sign languages are equal in status to spoken languages and it is the linguistic identity of the people who are hearing impaired or people who are belonging to deaf community. These are based on United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities. India has a signatory and India has also ratified this convention in the year 2007. See according to the World Federation of the Deaf there are around 7 crore deaf people all over the world and the critical point here is more than 80% of them are living in developing countries and it is said that collectively they use more than 300 different sign languages and according to United Nations these sign languages has to be preserved as part of linguistic and cultural diversity. One of the benefit with respect to this sign language dictionary is that they can be given regular education through special teachers who are well versed in sign languages who can communicate to the people who are deaf. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next article. Now this is an advertisement which states that Coal India Limited is a Maharatna company. We know that companies are given prestigious titles such as Maharatna, Navaratna and Mini Ratna. In this analysis we will see on what basis the central public sector enterprises are given these prestigious titles. See government owned corporations they are called as public sector undertakings. In a public sector undertaking you could find majority of the paid up share capital will be held by the government. If it is a central public sector undertaking or more than 50% of the paid up share capital will be held by central government. There could be a public sector undertaking where this paid up share capital can be held partly by central government and partly by one or more state governments also. In any case the majority of the paid up share capital will be held by the government. These public sector undertakings are classified into public sector enterprises, central public sector enterprises and public sector banks. Central public sector enterprises are those public sector enterprises under the control of central government. So certain statutory corporations and certain government companies in which the central government held more than 50% equity that is more than 50% share these corporations or companies are called as central public sector enterprises or CPSCs. See the department of public enterprises under the ministry of heavy industries and public enterprises. It is the nodal department for all the central public sector enterprises. This department formulates policies pertaining to CPSCs. It lays down policy guidelines on performance improvement and performance evaluation, autonomy, financial delegation and personal management in these enterprises. It also collects and maintain information in the form of a public enterprises survey. It is this department of public enterprises that gives the status of Maharatna or Navratna or Mini Ratna to the central public sector enterprises. These are prestigious titles that provide these enterprises greater autonomy of varying degree in order to compete in the global market. Now let's see the eligibility criteria and certain other parameters by which these enterprises are given these prestigious titles. First let us see with respect to Mini Ratna. It is also called as Mini Ratna scheme. See the objective of the scheme is to make certain promising profit making CPSCs more efficient and more competitive. Therefore the scheme of Mini Ratna was launched in October 1997. These enterprises are called as Mini Ratnas as category 1 Mini Ratna and category 2 Mini Ratnas. So to become eligible for Mini Ratna status under category 1 CPSCs a company, a central public sector enterprise should have made profit in last three years continuously and these enterprises should have made pre-tax profit of 30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and these enterprises should have a positive net worth. To be eligible for Mini Ratna status under category 2 CPSCs an enterprise should have made profit for last three years continuously and should have a positive net worth. Here there is no requirement of pre-tax profit to be 30 crores or more than 30 crores. Here for autonomy for one example under capital expenditure the category 1 Mini Ratna company, Mini Ratna enterprise can incur capital expenditure up to 500 crores without government approval. For category 2 Mini Ratna they can go up to 250 crores without government approval. There are such autonomy also for joint ventures, subsidiaries and other parameters. So this is about Mini Ratna scheme. Now let us see the criteria for the grant of Navratna scheme. This scheme was introduced by the government in July 1997. Again the purpose is to identify central public sector enterprises that have comparative advantage and having the potential to become global players. So these identified enterprises will be given this Navratna status and they will be delegated some enhanced financial and other powers under the Navratna scheme. For Mini Ratna we saw 500 crores capital expenditure limit, 250 crores capital expenditure limit for category 1 and category 2 respectively. But if you take Navratnas there is no monetary ceiling with respect to capital expenditure on purchase of new items or for replacement. So who are eligible to get this Navratna status? First criteria is they should have been classified as Mini Ratna category 1 enterprise and Schedule A central public sector enterprise. Among these enterprises those enterprises that have got excellent or very good rating. In three of last five years this rating will be based on a memorandum of understanding system and note that in addition to obtaining excellent and very good rating they should also have a composite score of 60 or above in six selected performance parameters. Only then they will be given Navratna status. These are some of the parameters. Now this memorandum of understanding system is based on a mutually negotiated agreement between the administrative ministry for a particular CPSC and the management of the CPSC. If you take coal India the administrative ministry would be Ministry of Coal and this memorandum of understanding will fix the targets before the beginning of a financial year. And a particular CPSC would be evaluated based on these targets. Based on the performance an enterprise will be rated. The department of public enterprises it serves as a facilitator between central public sector enterprises and the administrative ministries. It provides a mechanism to evaluate the performance of the management of these enterprises. This department of public enterprises provides a system through which the targets are set in the MOU and the commitments are evaluated at the end of the year. This is about this MOU system under which the companies are rated. Now let us see the criteria for the grant of Maharatna status. This is the highest title or the highest status. The government introduced this Maharatna scheme in February 2010. Here large sized Navratna enterprises will be identified and they will be given or delegated enhanced powers. So to facilitate expansion of their operations within India and also in global markets. The first condition is that a CPSC should have Navratna status. Second a CPSC which having received Navratna status should have been listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public share holding according to SEBI regulations. The third condition is that this enterprise should have achieved an average annual turnover of more than 20,000 crore during the last three years. Earlier it was 25,000 crore. It has been changed recently. Another condition is with respect to average annual net worth. This should be more than 10,000 crore during last three years. And then there is also provisions with respect to average annual net profit after tax and also with respect to significant global presence or international operations. So with respect to autonomy, higher autonomy is for Maharatna companies. Relatively lesser is for Navratna companies and a further lesser autonomy is given for many Rathna companies. To differentiate Maharatna and Navratna status. For example, a Maharatna central public sector enterprise can invest Rs. 5000 crore in a single project whereas the limit for a Navratna enterprise is just 1000 crore. So there are such differences. However, we should keep a note that higher financial autonomy is for Maharatna enterprises followed by Navratna enterprises and then many Rathna category 1 and then many Rathna category 2. As on June 2019, we have 8 Maharatna central public sector enterprises. These are Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Coal India Ltd. The advertisement was with respect to Coal India Ltd, Gail India Ltd, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, NTPC, ONGC and Steel Authority of India Ltd. So there are 16 Navratna central public sector enterprises and around 61 enterprises are under category 1 mini Rathna and there are around 12 category 2 mini Rathna central public sector enterprises. These are some of the information that we can learn and use for the purpose of our prelims preparation from this advertisement. Now let us move on to next news article. This news article is about population census 2021. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. Before entering into the analysis of the news article, let's see few background information with respect to census in general. When we say population census, it means a total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating the data that is pertaining to demographic, economic and social details of all persons in the country at a particular or a specific point of time. Simply we can say it is a process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating details of all persons in a country at a particular point of time. It gives a summary or a brief look of the country's population and housing at a given point of time. And in India the population census is decennial that is it is conducted once in every 10 years. Decim means 10 from that it the word has derived so decennial means once in 10 years. When we say biennial it means once in 2 years because by means 2. Census in our country is based on the legal provisions of census act of 1948 and census rules of 1990. So the recent census in India is census 2011. So the next decennial census of India is due in the year 2021. So the 2021 census will be the 8th census since our independence. So the basic purpose of census is enumeration or listing of all individuals in the country without any omission or duplication. We need census so that it can be used for administration planning and policymaking and it is also used for management and evaluation of various welfare programs by the government, non-governmental organizations, private enterprises and others. So this is because the census provides information on size of a country's population, distribution of population of a country and it also gives socio-economic demographic and other characteristics of population of the country. And census data is also used for demarcation of constituencies and also for allocation of representation to parliament, allocation of representation to state legislative assemblies and also local bodies. This data will also be used for demarcation of constituencies for state legislative assemblies as well. And this data will also be used by the researchers and demographers so as to analyze the growth and trends of population and they make projections based on the available census data. And this census data will also be used by business houses and private industries so as to plan for their business for marketing and selling their products into the areas and regions that was previously or so far not covered by them. So these are some of the uses of the census data. So with this background let us now discuss the news article. See the union home minister has announced that the 2021 census exercise will be carried out digitally. This means the process of pen paper census will be transformed to a digital census in the upcoming census of 2021. It is said that it will be done by using the latest technology here in this process. People will be uploading the details about themselves and also about their family. This they will do on a newly developed mobile app for this purpose. And having a digital census has been welcomed by many people because it is expected that it would help in a detailed multi dimensional analysis of census when it is available in digital format. And the digital census will also be helpful for public welfare and various other programs using the latest software and other technologies. The union minister has also stated that the census should become a Jan Bhagidari exercise. Jan means people and Bhagidari means participation. The idea is that when it is a digital census it needs people to update information in a mobile app. So people should ensure their participation to make this process successful and also in other words to be included also. The home minister has also said that constituencies will be delimited based on 2021 census data. Here when we say delimitation it means the process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies for the purpose of representing in a legislature. This job will be carried out by a high power body called as delimitation commission or in other words a boundary commission. Now this process is done based on the provisions of the constitution. If you see there is an article that talks about delimitation which is article 82 of Indian constitution. So according to article 82 the parliament enacts a delimitation act after every census through a legislation. And this article 82 is for readjustment after each census. So as to take into consideration of the updated information about the population it states that upon the completion of each census the allocation of seats in the house of the people to the states and the division of each state into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as parliament may by law determine. Once the delimitation act comes into force the central government will constitute a delimitation commission. This delimitation commission demarcates the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies as per the provisions of the particular delimitation act. If you see the present delimitation of constituencies is being done based on 2001 census and according to the provisions of delimitation act of 2002. Here you note that the constitution of India and particularly article 82 was amended in 2002. This was carried out by the 84th constitutional amendment act of 2001. So according to this amendment the delimitation of constituencies will not be done until the first census after the year 2026. So this means that census that will be collected after 2026 can be used for delimitation of constituencies and certainly not the census data that is collected before 2026. But the home minister has stated that the constituencies will get delimited based on 2021 census data which is contradictory to the current provisions of the constitution. So this means the government may bring an amendment to change the year that was mentioned in article 82. If the article is not amended then the present constituencies which are carved out on the basis of 2001 census will be in operation till the first census after 2026. The news article also talks about one card for all utilities in the future that it will be a common utility card. Utility here means useful to perform several functions. The proposed common utility card will be able to perform several functions that are present carried out by different cards. Say for example Aadhar card or passport or bank account or for example driving license. You may have one card and then that will be used as Aadhar card that can be used as passport that can be used for banking services and also other services. Here is where the digital census 2021 comes into picture because once the census is carried out digitally all the details of a person will be registered digitally. So the digital census has the potential to bring all cards on one platform so that the citizen may be provided a common utility card. Next the news article talks about the national population register. The Home Minister stated that after the 2021 census for the first time the national population register will come into existence. So when we say national population register it means register of usual residents of the country. It will also serve as a comprehensive identity database. This will be maintained by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India who comes under Ministry of Home Affairs. See aspect section 14 capital A of Citizenship Act of 1955. It is compulsory for every citizen to register in the national register of Indian citizens. And the creation of this NPR or the national population register is the first step towards the preparation of national register of Indian citizens. There will be verification of citizenship status and after the due verification a subset of citizens will be derived from the universal data set of residents so as to prepare this national register of Indian citizens. So it is necessary and also compulsory for all usual residents to register under national population register. So who is a usual resident? For the purpose of national population register a usual resident is a person who has resided in a local area for past six months or more. It also includes those persons who will reside in a particular area for a period of six months or more. That is it also includes those persons who intends to reside in a particular area for next six months or more. This national population register is being prepared in our country at five levels. One is at local level that will be carried out at the village level or sub-town level. Then sub-district level, district level, state level and also national level. It is being prepared under the provisions of Citizenship Act of 1955 and Citizenship Rules 2003. And we should know that this national population register exercise is different from the census exercise. And though national population register is the basis for the national register of Indian citizens that is to be prepared but this national population register will not be linked to the already prepared national register of citizens. The objective of national population register is to create a comprehensive identity database of every usual resident in the country. This database will contain demographic details and also biometric particulars of an individual. When we say demographic particulars it includes name of the person, father's name, date of birth etc. And when we say biometric details it includes fingerprints, iris scans and other biometric details. Earlier in 2010 the data for national population register was collected along with the house listing phase of census 2011. This NPR was subsequently updated in 2015 by conducting a door-to-door survey. And it is reported that digitization of updated information of NPR that was carried out in 2015 also completed. This NPR will be a solution for various issues that are presently faced say for example in maintenance of law and order with respect to welfare schemes. It will help in tracking criminal activities as it is reported and that's why we say it will help in effective maintenance of law and order. And it is also expected that it will help in better planning and execution of government schemes. And the newspaper highlights that. So for the entire exercise of census 2021 and the preparation of national population register a sum of around 12,000 crore would be spent on this. So we saw brief information about census and we saw the role of census in demarcation of parliamentary constituencies based on article 82 of Indian constitution. Then we saw about the common utility card as proposed by the union home minister. Then we saw about the national population register and we saw about national register of Indian citizens as proposed by the section 14 capital A of Citizenship Act of 1955. With this we come to the end of analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next article. This editorial article discusses about the concept of digital literacy, digital inequality and the necessity to make all people particularly the people who are economically and socially backward as digital literates. The article also discusses why the right to internet access and digital literacy should be recognized as an independent right. Digital literacy refers to having appropriate skills to live and work in a society where the communication and access to information is through digital technologies. These digital technologies could be internet platforms, social media and smartphones. There are also levels in digital literacy. A beginner level could be you know just operating digital devices. For example they will be able to use mobile phones, use tablets. They will be just able to send and receive emails. A higher level could be you know a person having the knowledge of accessing various government services and other services that are dependent on information and communication technology and etc. So once a person is able to use digital technology for communication and access to information and to use high end services we can call a person as perfectly digitally literate. But we should know that even in the present time the access to digital technologies or even the access to internet itself is not uniform in a country or in a region or even among a group of people. In a society a certain number of people have the access to internet. Some group of people do not have the access to internet. Some people are digitally literates. Some people are. Some people lack digital literacy. Some people are able to just use their mobile phones or send and receive emails. Whereas some people can use the internet platform, social media and various information and communication technology services and could use even high end services. So this creates a division among people, a division among region. This is called as digital divide. So it's actually a troubling gap between those who use computers, smartphones and internet and those who do not use computers, smartphones and internet. It's a gap between those people who could use information and communication technology to access and utilize high end services and those who could not. Or those who lack digital literacy. So there is disparity in accessing the internet and there is also disparity in using information and communication technologies. So this two constitutes two digital inequality in a society. Then the author discusses the need to address digital inequality. This is because in the present time many services are offered by the government and the private sector through online mode. Or in a digital platform. A simple example could be paying off bills, booking train tickets and there are various other services. And because of digital literacy and because of digital knowledge, the livelihood opportunities of people are improved and people are able to work from distant locations without the need to travel and various other things. So if a group of people do not have access to internet or if they lack digital literacy, it means they will certainly become uncompetitive in this digital information era. As they will not be able to enjoy the various advantages and the necessities of the digital platforms. The author states that providing information and services online but not ensuring universal accessibility to these digital services would further enhance or increase the digital divide or would further widen the digital divide. And this will further increase the social and economic backwardness of the poor population. The main reasons are because they are not digitally literate and they do not have the access to internet. With respect to this, the author highlights three important initiatives of the government of India. One is the digital India mission. See this is a flagship program of government of India. The vision is to transform India into digitally empowered society and to transform India into a knowledge economy. It focuses on three main areas. One to build digital infrastructure. For example, common service centers. Two digital empowerment of people by focusing on universal digital literacy. Then three digital governance. For example, e-governance. Second, the author talks about Bharat Net program. This program aims to provide broadband connectivity to all gram panchayats in India. It is anticipated that this program would act as the infrastructure backbone for providing internet access to all across the country. Then the author talks about national digital literacy mission. See this mission aims to provide digital literacy awareness, digital education and capacity programs for rural communities. So whoever participating in this mission will be able to take a lead role in global digital economy. So as to maintain the competitiveness to shape a technologically empowered society. This scheme is also called as digital Sakshartha Abhyan. The scheme was formulated that is to impart information technology training to more than 50 lakh persons. So that non IT literate citizens will be trained to become information technology literates. And under this mission, there is no training fee for those persons who belong to scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and below poverty line households. So all these three missions, you know, digital India Bharat Net program, national digital literacy mission, they are all complementary to each other. That is their final objective is to build a digitally empowered society which can access and use information and services online and being competitive in the digital world. The author finds that these initiatives have not yet achieved their intended objectives. With respect to digital India mission, the author states that mid 2016, the digital literacy in India was less than 10%. The author finds that the Bharat Net program has been consistently missing its deadlines and the cost of the project has gone up. And so far the national digital literacy mission has only touched 1.67% of the population and there is no apt fund allocation for this mission. So this means that the rate of digital literacy in India is still poor and most of the rural population still do not have access to internet connection and also they lack digital literacy. The author also highlights one of the recent verdicts in High Court that is pronounced by Kerala High Court in Fahima, Shrin versus state of Kerala. The Kerala High Court have observed that the right to internet access is a fundamental right and it becomes part of right to privacy and right to education under article 21 of Indian Constitution. According to the article, the right to internet access and digital literacy has to be seen in line with the provisions given under article 38, 2 and article 39 of Indian Constitution under directive principles of state policy. Article 38 subclass 2 states that the state shall eliminate inequalities in status. The state shall eliminate inequalities in facilities and opportunities not only among individuals but also among groups of people residing in different areas and engaged in different locations. So this means the state should also eliminate inequalities in accessing digital facilities that is access to internet and also digital opportunities that is ICT based services. And article 39 C states that the operation of the economic system does not or should not result in the concentration of wealth. Here the wealth should be considered as digital wealth. On one side there is no access to digital wealth. On the other side there is a complete access. This means concentration of wealth. So the author states that right to internet access and digital literacy would further the provisions mentioned under article 38 and article 39 of Indian Constitution. As these two articles aim at reducing inequalities and promoting overall development of people and promoting overall development of all sections of the society. And providing increased access to information and internet and providing digital literacy will improve livelihood opportunities that will in turn aid in minimizing existing inequalities. So for all these reasons the author states that right to internet access and digital literacy should be considered as a independent right or as a right in itself or as a separate right. If it is recognized as a separate right or as an independent right it will put a positive obligation on the state to create a quality infrastructure for internet access. And it will make state to promote and provide measures to make people digitally literate. And it will also put a negative obligation on the state as it will be prohibited from violating the right to access to internet and digital literacy. And if recognized it will encourage the legislature and executive to play a more proactive role in furthering this right. Now in regards to access to internet and digital literacy there are some advantages on both sides for the government the cost of providing service through digital platforms or online will be less. And this will also increase the efficiency of government services. This is because there will be no middlemen the beneficiaries will reach the beneficiaries in real time basis. And for the citizens they will be able to bypass the lower level government bureaucracy in availing benefits. They need not wait to receive their genuine benefits. This will reduce redtapism and this will also reduce corruption at the lower level bureaucracy. And the information whether a particular beneficiary has received his or her benefit will be available online. This is transparency and it will in fact help the beneficiaries to demand accountability from the state. So there will be transparency and accountability as a result of access to internet and digital literacy. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this editorial article. We have come to the last session they have given two statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. The first statement the allocation of seats in the house of the people to the states is on the basis of 1971 census. What they are saying is the allocation of seats in Lokshaba among the states is on the basis of 1971 census. Now the statement is correct. This is based on article 81 of Indian constitution. Now the second statement the division of each state into territorial constituencies is on the basis of 2001 census. Now this statement is also correct. Therefore the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. During the analysis we saw that according to article 82 of Indian constitution neither the allocation of seats in Lokshaba nor the division of each state into territorial constituencies shall be altered until the first census taken after the year 2026. That is till 2031 census according to this article the allocation of seats in Lokshaba shall be on the basis of 1971 census and the division of each state into parliamentary constituencies may be on the basis of 2001 census. Now this question is with reference to national population register. The first statement it is the first step towards preparation of national register of Indian citizens. Now this statement is correct. During the analysis we saw that national population register is a register of usual residents of the country. It is a comprehensive identity database that is maintained by registrar general of India and the census commissioner of India. And for the purposes of national population register a usual resident is a person who has resided in a local area for past six months or more or it includes a person who intends to reside in that area for a period of next six months or more. And we also saw that the national population register was collected in 2010 along with the house listing phase of 2011 census. This makes the statement to a correct statement and according to section 14 capital layer of citizenship act the central government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and the central government may maintain a national register of Indian citizens. And for the preparation of national register of Indian citizens the universal data set of residence will be provided by national population register. And from this universal data set of residence a subset of citizens would be derived after the verification of citizenship status. Their names will be found in the national register of Indian citizens. So therefore both the statements are correct therefore the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2.