 Section 0 of Persian Self-Tought in Roman Characters with English Phenetic Pronunciation by Shaykh Hassan. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Persian Self-Tought in Roman Characters with English Phenetic Pronunciation. Containing the alphabet, transliteration and pronunciation, outline of grammar, classified vocabularies and conversations, travel talk, trade and commerce, Persian handwriting, the numerals, money, weights and measures, etc. etc. by Shaykh Hassan. Preface. This volume is primarily intended to supply a working and practical knowledge of the Persian language for the benefit of those who have not the time or the inclination to master the grammar and yet require to use the spoken tongue for purposes of business or pleasure. With this object in view, it supplies many vocabularies of words carefully selected to suit the needs of those holding communication with Persia and the Persians, classified according to subject and a large number of colloquial phrases and sentences of a practical character similarly classified. Throughout these sections of the volume, the Persian words are given in the Romanized form and the English Phenetic pronunciation is added in the third column in accordance with Marlborough System of Phenetics, for which, of course, the publishers alone are responsible, a system which has grown out of long experience and is of so simple a nature that, by means of it, a stranger to the language who knows English only can read off the words at a glance and thus easily make himself understood amongst Persian-speaking people. An outline of the grammar is added for the use of students of the language. The work thus forms a useful and valuable handbook of Persian for tourists and travellers, commercial men, naval and military officers, students and others. We may add that the Persian language is very sweet and compared with other languages is easy to master. It has a complete literature of its own. It is not spoken in Persia alone but in Afghanistan and many parts of India and is the official language of some of the courts of that country. It is also used in Turkish Arabia, Baghdad and by educated people in Russian Turkestan. The study of Persian is almost essential to one who wishes to learn Hindustani and modern Turkish as the former of these contains about 40% and the latter about 25% of Persian words. Sheikh Hassan, Cambridge, 1909 End of Section 0, Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater Recorded in Aman, Jordan Section 1 of Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan This is the LibriVox recording, all LibriVox recordings on the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan Section 1 The alphabet The Percy Arabic letters at first sight appear very bewildering to Europeans and are a frequent cause of stumbling to many who would find the knowledge of the language of immense importance to them. It is to meet this difficulty that the Romanized characters have been adopted in this work. Students who desire to study the wonderful literature of the East at first hand must however overcome this initial difficulty and to do this the best plan is to copy each letter repeatedly and with care until it is fixed in the memory only two or three being dealt with at a time and not the whole alphabet In this way one is surprised how soon the characters in their various positions become familiarized to the mind Having mastered the alphabet the words given in the vocabularies should next be learned pronouncing the phonetic aloud and writing the word from memory in the Percy Arabic letters which can then be corrected by reference to the following tables In this way the rudiments of the language will be easily acquired The letters and sentences are written and read from right to left as in all the Semitic languages, the Percy Arabic being one of these although it should always be borne in mind that the Persian language proper is not of Semitic origin but is akin to the old Sanskrit The alphabet in Percy Arabic with Roman characters letters marked with asterisks are Arabic characters and the words in which they occur are Arabic Name Alif Roman character A Name Be Roman character B Name Pe Roman character H Name Te Roman character T Name Se Roman character S Name Jean Roman character J as J in Jewel Name Chim Roman character C-H as C-H in Church Name He Roman character H Name Che Roman character K-H a guttural aspirate like the C-H in the Scottish Loch Name Dol Roman character D Name Zoll Roman character Z Name Ray Roman character R Name Z Roman character Z Name J Roman character J as S in Pleasure or J in the French Jardin Name Seen Roman character S Name Sheen Roman character S-H Name Sword Roman character S Name Zord Roman character Z Name Te Roman character T Name Z Roman character Z Name Ain Roman character A Name Bain Roman character G-H as G in Good Very guttural Name Fe Roman character F Name Gough Roman character Q Very guttural Name Cough Roman character K Name Gough Roman character G as G in Ambiguity Name Long Roman character L Name Mime Roman character M Nune Roman character N Name Roman character V Name Hey Roman character H Name Yay Roman character Y Remarks on the alphabet The Persian alphabet contains no vowels properly so called The short vowel sounds are indicated by Zabar Zir Peesh The first is a short A as in At The second Zir Short E as in Effort Third Peesh Gives the short O sound Something like the sound of O in Should Or of You in the French Plum Pronounced short For example Mime with a Zabar Mime with a Zir Mime with a Peesh Pronounced respectively Ma Me Mo When the long vowel sound O as in Art Occurs at the beginning of a word It is indicated by the sign Mad Placed over Alif as in Or Dam Or Mad But elsewhere in a word It is indicated simply by Alif As in Shard Glad There is no sign in Persian For the vowel O as in Note But Ah With Zabar Followed by Vov Is pronounced O Example O der Eternal uncle O rang Throne Ye Following any letter with Zir Is pronounced as long E IE as double E in Sheep Example Iran Persia Di Shab Last night There are two other signs Namely Jasm And Tash Deed The first of these is placed over any letter Which is followed by no vowel sound As over Fe In Raftan To go The second doubles the letter over which it is placed As over Ghorf In Ghorsh Artist These vowel signs are in fact never used in Persian writing But their omission causes no ambiguity As any doubtful word is determined by the context The Romanised characters with phonetic pronunciation A Like the English A in At A with a macron as A long in Art Or AI Like AI in Rain A B As B in But B CH as CH in Church CH D as in English D E as E in Egg E F as F in Friend F G like the G in Ambiguity G GH like the English G in Good Very guttural G H as Pyrated as in English H I as I in Bit I I with a Macron as E in Deed E J as J in Jam G J as Z in Azure G K as K in Keep K KH a guttural aspirate like the CH in the Scottish Lough CH L as in English L M as in English M N as in English N O as O in Hope O P as in English P R as in English Very Always to be pronounced R S as Sibilant as in Sister S SH as in Shine SH T as in Tutor T U short as U in Should or U in French Lomme O U with a Macron as the double O in Moon O V as in English V Y as in U Y as in Zodiac Z Preliminary Notes Persian Equivalence It is necessary to point out that in the third part of the book conversational phrases and sentences the Persian equivalents of the English phrases are given in the second column and not merely a translation of the English words. How different the equivalent and the literal translation may be is shown by the few instances that are over-given. See page 65 Pronunciation The student will do well to master the pronunciation at the outset. The use and value of each phonetic sign adopted are shown on page 11 and should be carefully noted. Marlborough's system of phonetics is based on the principle of one sign, one sound and conversely one sound, one sign. The particular use of each English letter in representing the sounds of the characters should be learnt and each must always be pronounced in the same manner, one sign one sound. To facilitate the correct pronunciation of the short vowels the words in the vocabularies have to a great extent been divided up by hyphens, but these divisions do not always correspond with the true syllables e.g. Sadom Pronunciation written S-A-D-E-U-M properly S-A-D-E-U-M negah pronunciation written n-e-g-a with a macron h for n-e-g-a with a macron h. In such words as das demann where the letter e stands for esor fat it will be noticed that it is represented in the third column das demann to remind the reader that it is esor fat where e does not stand for the esor fat, it is denoted by e in the third column also. The conjunction va and in such words as das dva pa hand and foot ruz vah shab day and night is pronounced o in conversation like the French u in plume das dva pa ruz vah shab In all questions the interrogative oya is inserted in conversation however it is often omitted the question being inferred from the inflection of the voice. End of section 1 Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater recorded in Eman Jordan Section 2 of Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan This is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings from the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan Section 2 The world and its elements Jahan Va ano sere u e havo havo e havo cloud abr abr cloud abr cold sad sad cold sard darkness tariki darkness tariki earth khak khak earth khak earth earth earth east shark shark shark or mashrek east mashrek fire otash otash fire otash fog me fog me frost ser ma ser ma frost ser ma or sard sard frost sard heat garm garm heat garm or garm a garm a heat garm a light roshan roshan light roshan lightning bag bag lightning bag moon ma moon ma north north north north rainbow kose kaze kose kaze rainbow kose kaze shade soye shade soye sky or simon sky or simon south jannu jannub south jannub star setaure setaure star setaure storm kulak storm kulak or tufaan tufaan storm sun khorshid khorshid sun khorshid fo yechob fo yechob or barfob fo barfob thunder rad rad thunder rad weather have all have all weather have all or obo have all obo have all weather obo have all west garb garb west garb or magreb magreb west magreb wind board board wind board world jahon jahon world jahon or dunya dunya world dunya land and water zameen waab bay khalij khalij bay khalij beach kenore darya kenore darya beach kenore darya or labidarya labidarya beach labidarya beach labidarya cape damoge damoge cape damoge cliff nasheeb nasheeb cliff nasheeb or saraziri saraziri cliff saraziri coast shore sahel sahel coast shore sahel or karan karan coast shore hale tagarg tagarg hail tagarg ice yach yach ice yach island jazire jazire island jazire lake daryach lake daryach land zameen zameen land zameen or khoshki land khoshki mud gel gel mud gel rain boron boron rain boron river rude rude river rude or nar nar river nar rock sang sang rock sang or sakre rock sakre sea daryo daryo sea daryo snow bath snow bath stream jui stream jui tide jazromad jazromad tide jazromad water ob water ob waterfall obshar obshar waterfall or favvare favvare waterfall favvare wave moj wave moj minerals and metals brass berenj brass berenj bronze mafrab mafrab bronze mafrab or chodon bronze chodon cement or hack or hack cement or hack or saoruj cement saoruj clay lajan clay lajan or gel gel clay gel coal zogole sang zogole sang coal zogole sang concrete gaj gaj concrete gaj or or hack or hack concrete or hack copper mess mess copper mess diamond almas diamond almas glass shishay glass shishay gold zair gold zair or tala gold tala granite sangesomog sangesomog granite sangesomog iron or han or han iron or han iron cast or hane ob chode or hane ob chode iron cast or hane ob chode iron rot or hane kufde or hane kufde iron rot iron rot or hane kufde or mozab mozab iron rot mozab lead sorb sorb lead sorb lime gaj gaj lime gaj or or hack or hack lime or hack marble marmar marmar marble marmar mercury gv gv mercury gv pearl morvarid morvarid pearl morvarid silver seam seam silver seam or nogre nogre silver nogre slate sangilohe sangilohe slate sangilohe steel fulad steel fulad steel fulad stone sang sang stone sang tin arziz arziz tin arziz zinc rui rui zinc rui animals, birds and fishes hayvanat morgan vama hayan animals hayvanat hayvanat animals hayvanat bear chers chers bear chers bull govinar govinar bull govinar calf goosale goosale calf goosale cat gore be cat gore be cattle chehor paw chehor paw cattle chehor paw or davob davob cattle davob cow modigov modigov cow modigov dog sag sag dog sag donkey char donkey char or oleg oleg donkey oleg elephant feel feel elephant feel or peel peel elephant peel fox rubo rubo fox rubo rubo goat boz boz goat boz horse asp asp horse asp lamb bare bare lamb bare lion sheer sheer sheer monkey may moon may moon monkey may moon mouse moosh moosh mouse moosh mule astar astar mule astar or goter goter mule goter ox gov gov ox gov pig chook chook pig chook rat moosh moosh rat moosh or moosh bozorg moosh bozorg moosh bozorg rat moosh bozorg seal sag mohe sag mohe seal sag mohe a sheep goose effand goose effand a sheep goose effand tiger bab bab tiger bab turtle lockposhed lockposhed turtle lockposhed whale nahang nahang whale nahang barking vack vack vack vack barking vack vack birds more gone birds more gone birds more gone blackbird sore sore blackbird sore eagle nasr nasr eagle nasr or ogob ogob eagle ogob lark cacovok cacovok lark cacovok owl boom boom owl boom or jord jord owl jord parrot tootie tootie parrot tootie sparrow gundeshk sparrow gundeshk swallow parasidak parasidak swallow parasidak or celcele celcele swallow celcele swon gu swon gu or Goz, swan, goz. Fishes moheon, moheon, fishes moheon. Kod moheikod, moheikod, kod moheikod. Crab khachang, khachang, crab khachang, eel marmahi, eel marmahi, herring shahmahi, herring shahmahi, lobster khachang, lobster khachang. Oyster gushe maahi, gushe maahi, oyster gushe maahi, salmon azad maahi, salmon azad maahi, sea fish moheyeh darya, sea fish moheyeh darya, trout moheyeh qezelala, moheyeh qezelala, trout moheyeh qezelala, turbot jaris, jaris, turbot jaris, game shakar, shakar, game shakar. Grouse siohsineh, siohsineh, grouse siohsineh, her rabbit khargush, her rabbit khargush, partridge kabk, partridge kabk, pheasant to rang, to rang, pheasant to rang, or tazarv, tazarv, pheasant tazarv, snipe noktedaz, noktedaz, snipe noktedaz, herd galle, galle, herd galle, or ramay, ramay, herd ramay, hoof som, hoof som, poultry toeur, toeur, poultry toeur, chicken juje, chicken juje, cock horus, cock horus, duck morgabi, morgabi, duck morgabi, goose gauz, gauz, goose gauz, hen morg, morg, hen morg, turkey peel morg, peel morg, turkey peel morg, or bogalemun, bogalemun, turkey bogalemun. Insects and reptiles, John Avar and Kerm, ant, moor, moor, ant, moor, bee zanbore, zanbore, bee zanbore, beetle chazook, chazook, beetle chazook. Butterfly shah-parak, shah-parak, butterfly shah-parak, caterpillar sad-paw, sad-paw, caterpillar sad-paw, flea cake, cake, flea cake. Fly magas, magas, fly magas, frog gook, gook, frog gook, nat pashe, pashe, nat pashe, grasshopper malach, malach, grasshopper malach. Insect parande, parande, insect parande, or John Avar, John Avar, insect John Avar. Lizard sus-se-mor, sus-se-mor, lizard sus-se-mor. Mosquito pas-she, pas-she, mosquito pas-she, silkworm kerm-pe-le, kerm-pe-le, silkworm kerm-pe-le, snail hal-zoon, hal-zoon. Snail hal-zoon, snake mor, mor, snake mor. Spider an-caboot, an-caboot, spider an-caboot, or cartane, cartane, spider cartane. Or cartane, cartane, spider cartane, toad gook, gook, toad gook, or gor-ba-ge, gor-ba-ge, toad gor-ba-ge. Wasp zan-boor, zan-boor, wasp zan-boor. Worm kerm, kerm, worm kerm. Flowers, fruits, trees, and vegetables. Gol-mi-ve-deracht pas-sab-zi-or-lot. For shopping, see page 86. Flowers gol-ho, gol-ho, flowers gol-ho. Lily sus-san, sus-san, Lily sus-san, or zan-bag, zan-bag. Rose gol, gol, rose gol, or gole sor-ch, gole sor-ch, rose gole sor-ch. Tulip lo-le, lo-le, tulip lo-le, violet bana-f-she, bana-f-she, violet bana-f-she. Fruits-mi-ve-deracht, mi-ve-deracht, fruits-mi-ve-deracht. Apple-see-b, see-b, apple-see-b. Apricot, zar-do-loo, zar-do-loo, apricot, zar-do-loo, or be-see, be-see, apricot, be-see. Cherry-g-loss, g-loss, cherry-g-loss. Currants-ze-res-k, ze-res-k, currants-ze-res-k. Fig-an-jeer, an-jeer, fig-an-jeer. Grapes-an-gour, an-gour, grapes-an-gour. Lemon-li-mu, li-mu, lemon-li-mu. Lime-deracht-li-mu, deracht-li-mu, lime-deracht-li-mu. Melon-xar-be-ze, xar-be-ze, melon-xar-be-ze. Nut-fond-og, fond-og, nut-fond-og. Orange-tor-onge, tor-onge, orange-tor-onge. Peach-shaft-or-loo, shaft-or-loo, peach-shaft-or-loo. Or-ho-loo, ho-loo, peach-ho-loo. Pear-gul-a-bee, gul-a-bee, pear-gul-a-bee. Pineapple-an-an-os, an-an-os, pineapple-an-an-os. Plum-a-loo, a-loo, plum-a-loo. Or-a-loo-che, a-loo-che, plum-a-loo-che. Strawberry-toot-de-far-ang-ee, toot-de-far-ang-ee. Strawberry-toot-de-far-ang-ee. Walnut-ger-doo, ger-doo, walnut-ger-doo. Trees-der-ach-dan, der-ach-dan, trees-der-ach-dan. Ash-zaban-gon-jeshk, zaban-gon-jeshk. Ash-zaban-gon-jeshk. Peach-al-ash, al-ash, beach-al-ash. Birch-goo-she, goo-she, birch-goo-she. Leaf-barg, barg, leaf-barg. Oak-der-ach-de-baloot, der-ach-de-baloot. Palm-der-ach-de-chur-mo, der-ach-de-chur-mo, palm-der-ach-de-chur-mo. Pine-der-ach-de-codge, der-ach-de-codge, pine-der-ach-de-codge. Vine-talk, talk, vine-talk, or-mayve, mayve, vine-mayve. Vegetables-sab-zi-a-lot, sab-zi-a-lot, vegetables-sab-zi-a-lot. Asparagus-mar-chube, mar-chube, asparagus-mar-chube. Beans-lubia, lubia, beans-lubia, or-bar-li, bar-li, beans-bar-li. Beetroot-chog-on-dor, chog-on-dor, beetroot-chog-on-dor. Cabbage-kalam, kalam, cabbage-kalam. Carrot-have-ee-j, have-ee-j, carrot-have-ee-j. Cauliflower-kalame-ru-si, kalame-ru-si, cauliflower-kalame-ru-si. Celery-caraffs, caraffs, celery-caraffs. Cucumber-khiaar, khiaar, cucumber-khiaar. Lettuce-khaw-hoo, khaw-hoo, lettuce-khaw-hoo. Onion-pears, pears, onion-pears. Peas-green-marsh, marsh. Peas-green-marsh. Potatoes-sibe-zamini, sibe-zamini. Potatoes-sibe-zamini. Spinach-espinage, espinage. Spinach-espinage. Tomato-bod-in-john-ferang-ee, bod-in-john-ferang-ee. Tomato-bod-in-john-ferang-ee. Turnip-shal-gam, shal-gam, turnip-shal-gam. End of section 2, recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater, recorded in Amman Jordan. Section 3 of Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Persian self-taught in Roman characters with English phonetic pronunciation by Sheikh Hassan. Section 3. Colours-rang-ha, for shopping, see page 86. Black-si-ya, si-ya, black-si-ya. Or-mesh-gi, mesh-gi, black-mesh-gi. Blue-o-b, o-b, blue-o-b. Brown-nim-rang, nim-rang, brown-nim-rang. Crimson-soor-ch, soor-ch, crimson-soor-ch. Soor-ch, o-lo-ki, lo-ki, crimson-lo-ki. Dark-deep, ti-re, ti-re, dark-ti-re. Or-tond, tond, dark-deep, tond. Or-seer, seer, dark-deep, seer. Green-sabs, sabs, green-sabs. Gray-chokestari, chokestari, gray-chokestari. Light-pale, roshan, roshan, light-pale, roshan. Pink-goli, go-li, pink-goli. Purple-argavoni, argavoni, purple-argavoni. Red-ghermez, ghermez, red-ghermez. Or-soor-ch, soor-ch, red-soor-ch. Scarlet-soor-ch, soor-ch, scarlet-soor-ch. Violet-banafsh, banafsh, violet-banafsh. White-sefid, sefid, white-sefid. Yellow-zard, zard, yellow-zard. Times and seasons, ogat-vamosem-ha, for conversations, see page 81. Time-vaqt, vaqt, time-vaqt. Or-hen-galm, hen-galm, time-hen-galm. Day-ruze, ruze, day-ruze. Fortnite-do-haf-de, do-haf-de, Fortnite-do-haf-de. Or-ni-maw, ni-maw, Fortnite-ni-maw. Hour-soor-at, soor-at, hour-soor-at. Minute-da-bi-ghe, da-bi-ghe, minute-da-bi-ghe. Month-maw, maw, month-maw. Quarter-three-months, se-maw-he, se-maw-he. Quarter-three-months, se-maw-he. Second-dam, dam, second-dam. Or-son-ye, son-ye, second-son-ye. Week-haf-de, haf-de, week-haf-de. Year-sol, sol, year-sol. Day-time-vaqt-de-ruze, vaqt-de-ruze, day-time-vaqt-de-ruze. Afternoon-asr, asr. Afternoon-asr. Afternoon-asr. Dawn-tolu-e-af-daab, tolu-e-af-daab. Dawn-tolu-e-af-daab. Or-soob, soob. Dawn-soob. Evening-vaqt-de-ruze, vaqt-de-ruze. Evening-vaqt-de-ruze. Or-masa-u, masa-u. Evening-masa-u. Or-shawm, shawm. Evening-shawm. Midday-noon-zor, zor. Midday-noon-zor. Midnight-nes-feshab, nes-feshab. Midnight-nes-feshab. Morning-soob, soob. Morning-soob. Or-bomodod, bomodod. Morning-bomodod. Night-shab, shab. Night-shab. Sunrise-tolu-e-af-daab, tolu-e-af-daab. Sunrise-tolu-e-af-daab. Sunset-gorube-af-daab. Gorube-af-daab. Sunset-gorube-af-daab. Holidays-taqtil-haaw. Taqtil-haaw. Holidays-taqtil-haaw. Christmas-molude-hazrat-e-saaw. Molude-hazrat-e-saaw. Christmas-molude-hazrat-e-saaw. Easter-eed-eed. Easter-eed. Good Friday-jom-e-e-a-ziz. Jom-e-e-e-a-ziz. Good Friday-jom-e-e-a-ziz. Days of the week-gruze-ha-e-haf-dae. Gruze-ha-e-haf-dae. Days of the week-gruze-ha-e-haf-dae. Sunday-yeksham-dae. Monday-yeksham-dae. Sunday-yeksham-dae. Monday-do-sham-dae. Do-sham-dae. Monday-do-sham-dae. Tuesday-seh-sham-dae. Seh-sham-dae. Tuesday-seh-sham-dae. Wednesday-cha-har-sham-dae. Wednesday-cha-har-sham-dae. Thursday Pan Shambay Friday Jom E Or Odeine Saturday Shambay The Months January Jean-Vier January Jean-Vier February February March Mars April Avril May Me June Juan July Jouillet August and August September September October October November November December December The Four Seasons The Four Seasons Spring Bahar Summer Taubestan Autumn Poise Winter Zemestan Today Amrouz Tomorrow Faridah Tomorrow Morning Faridah Sub Tonight Mshab Twilight Shafag Yearly Solyane Yesterday Dirous The Persian Months Moharramul Haram Moharramul Haram Moharram Sephar al-Muzaffar Sephar al-Muzaffar Sephar Rabio Laval Rabio Soni Jamodeo Laval Jamodeo Soni Rajabul Marojab Kloquil Rajab Sha'ban al-Muazzam Kloquil Sha'ban Ramazan al-Mubarak Kloquil Ramazan Shavvalo Mukarram Kloquil Shavval Zelqadatul Haram Kloquil Zelqadat Zelhadjatul Haram Kloquil Zelhadjat The first day of Moharramul Haram is the beginning of the year Hedjri, A.H. Anohegira, i.e. the Muhammadan era. Town and Country Bridge Building Edifice Building Edifice Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building Building