 دكتور باسمح كدماني، مرحباً لكم في الانيوميديو دكتور كدماني هو داركتورة العرب الانتشتف ومجموعة أسوشية مجموعة ومجموعة في الانتشتف كروفورد أريد أن أسألكم، ما هو رؤية السؤال في سيريا؟ كيف تعتقد؟ إذا كان هناك مجموعة أو إذا كان هناك onecoll kry أنood الشتبر الأن some Andon من or investigation process ادعت the United Nations such so far we had seven eight nine Ap so far كل برين Lance الشمس небكاء اول�あの did has agreed to a certain agenda for the talks on constitutional election security and political transition مجموصاً on the side of the Syrian government we have no acceptance so far of engaging directly so we have indirect talks with the UN special envoy about these issues but we don't have any Rio entire negotiations so we are looking forward ولكن مجموعة السياسية لن يفعل ذلك. ولكن مجموعة السياسية لن يفعل ذلك. هل تعتقد that the best way to proceed in order to secure a viable political resolution of the conflict is for Washington and Moscow to reach an understanding? And what do you think, what's your assessment of the chances of such an understanding being reached between these two major powers? Well, as you know, the conflict started with an uprising, a popular uprising against an authoritarian regime. So it was a Syrian domestic issue. It turned into a regional conflict and has become now international because it has involved the United States and Russia heavily, Russia more heavily than the United States. I think what we have seen over the last seven years is that the engagement of regional forces has been disruptive, very disruptive and has complicated the situation. So my sense is today we need an agreement between Russia and the United States in order to bring the regional powers to accept certain constraints on their behavior, on their involvement in Syria, particularly the withdrawal of their troops. We have militias that are organized and led by Iran directly on Syrian soil. We have fighters and commanders and officers from the revolutionary guards of Iran. We have the presence of the Turkish army. We have US forces. We have Russian forces. And we have groups coming from across the region, transnational actors, all of these players. I feel cannot be brought, cannot be rained in until we have an agreement between Russia and the United States about which are their legitimate interests in this region. What are their responsibilities as international powers and members of the Security Council? Responsible for collective security. We have a very attentive Israeli partner, sorry, neighbor looking at what is happening on Syrian territory, intervening militarily with its Air Force. Can I think only be brought under control by the United States and Russia agreeing on what a political process should be? We had some agreement between President Putin and President Trump last year, but that has not turned into anything effectively on the ground so far. Do you see any space for the Assad regime in the process of negotiations? I mean, my understanding is that you wouldn't want the Assad regime to collapse immediately, and you would like to see it as part of a very peaceful and democratic transition. Look, we engage on the basis of we want an orderly transition in Syria. But we certainly want a transition out of authoritarianism. We want a full change of the political system, so we are looking for a serious political transition. That means that the Assad regime cannot continue. Now, we would ideally like to see a gradual transition and orderly, preserving the institutions of the state, but certainly not those agencies that work that are involved in very, very major crimes against humanity and war crimes. They need to go through prosecution processes. We need a transitional justice process for Syria, to see that we have a partner to engage with. So far the Assad regime has not engaged in negotiations, so as much as we would like this to be a negotiated process, we are not seeing that that party is engaging on the Syrian regime side. So we look to Assad's protectors, Assad's allies, and first and foremost we look to Russia for it to see that it is in its interest to build a new legitimacy in Syria, which is a new political system with a government that represents the people, represents all groups in Syria that brings back stability, brings some rule of law to the country, simple criteria for decent and legitimate governance for the country. Russia is more our interlocutor unfortunately, than itself today. And Dr. Kudmani Australia has been involved in fighting violent extremism in region and not only in Syria but also to some extent, not only in Iraq but also to some extent in Syria. What contributions a country like Australia could make to the process of a negotiated settlement? I think by saying first of all Australia is a democratic country a democratic country that has credibility when it talks about building legitimate governance and building a legitimate political system that's what we need to hear the legitimacy here is the key word for building a transition for organizing a transition in Syria and after that or in accompaniment of that having a reconstruction of the country the return of refugees the withdrawal of foreign forces so I think where a country like Australia can engage is engage those countries that are directly involved in Syria we have Iran on the ground we have Russia on the ground which need to be engaged to see what exactly they want in Syria and what is compatible with rebuilding a sovereign country in Syria where Syrians need their future so I think this is one aspect the other aspect is Australia has been contributing hugely to the humanitarian effort it would certainly want to see other than just providing food and shelter for people but the return of these people to their homes and rebuilding the country so in the reconstruction process which we all look forward to see happen as soon as possible for Syrians to return to their country then we would like to see that the important consideration and the indicator is a legitimate transition in politics in the political system that Australia can certainly advocate can certainly work towards seeing legitimacy built in order for reconstruction to be shaped in the direction of consolidating legitimacy and not consolidating one group and that brings me to my last question and that is that the reconstruction of Syria this is going to really cost billions and billions of dollars not to mention that Syria has lost the generation of its people and half of the population has left the country and all that which really requires the return of all these people to their homeland but just the physical reconstruction of Syria is going to be so much that one is very highly doubtful for example a country like Russia or Iran or a combination of the two can really make that degree or that amount of contributions to enable the Syrians to rebuild their lives in their country so that will really require the efforts of the international community as a whole and for that reason it is absolutely imperative to have a practical settlement of the conflict indeed I think where the real weight of countries such as Australia such as the European Union Canada the United States can really step in at the moment when the political change brings an acceptable means the acceptable ways of doing the reconstruction because of course it's hundreds of billions it's very costly but it's also about how you channel this aid can a country like Australia or the European Union come into the country and channel this aid through a corrupt system obviously not a system that has no law that governs any of its actions obviously not so what we're looking to build is rule of law and which channels are safe in order not to feed into the corrupt system that we've had which is a predatory system which has really impoverished the population and enriched the ruling elite so it is really about governance it's really about which channels to use and reconstruction then can happen whether it happens in 2 years 5 years 20 years is less important than making sure the channels you use are for the benefit of the people and for the purposes that you are putting that money into the country for so that's where the real weight of democratic countries such as Australia can really make a difference well let's hope for a better future at least for the sake of the Syrian people and thank you very much thank you very much Professor Saik