 Chapter 8 of a Brief Grammar of the Portuguese Language, a Brief Grammar of the Portuguese Language by John Castor Brenner, Chapter 8 of the Indequenables, Adverbs, 134, Adverbs may be single words as bem, well, logo, presently, cedo, early, or they may be adverbial phrases such as the following, amiudo, repeatedly, anti-ontem, day before yesterday, assegas, blindly, as escuras, darkly, até aqui, thus far, a toda hora, hourly, a torto e direito, right and left, avista, at sight, com efeito, indeed, daqui a pouco, shortly, daqui em diante, henceforth, de dia, by day, de longe, afar, de noite, by night, de nenhuma sorte, by no means, de perto, nearby, de repente, suddenly, de chofre, suddenly, unexpectedly, de tarde, in the afternoon, de vez em quando, from time to time, enfim, finally, em seguida, one after another, em vão, in vain, hoje em dia, nowadays, popular, para sempre, forever, pelo menos, at least, por baixo, below, por cima, above, por enquanto, meantime, pouco mais ou menos, a little more or less, quando muito, at most. The following are composite forms, depois, de and pois, afterwards, que sa, perhaps, abbreviation of quem sabe, who knows, tambem, tão and bem, also, tampouco, or tampouco, example, ele não quis e eu tampouco, he didn't want it and neither did I. Many adverbs are formed by adding mente to a feminine adjective. The mente is usually to be translated by the English ending li, escuramente, darkly, propriamente, properly. When two or more adjectives ending in mente follow each other, this termination is used with the last and is understood for the others, Justa e propriamente, justly and properly. Some masculine adjectives are used as adverbs, such are alto, baixo, barato, certo, claro, conforme and muito, falar baixo, speak low, comprou barato, he bought cheaply. Que is an adverb when used to modify an adjective and can be substituted by como, quão or quanto. Que bela é a noite? How fine the night is. Eis, best translated, behold, is a demonstrative adverb. Eis lhes boa, behold Lisbon, eis o warming, behold the man. Eishke, eis aki, eis ai, and eis ali are all used in directing attention. With the objective of the personal pronouns it forms in critics. Eilu, eilush, see him, see them. Adverbs are sometimes used after certain verbs where English requires adjectives. These verbs are estar, ficar, permanecer, sair, continuar. The following expressions are good Portuguese. Este negócio parece-me bom, or parece-me bem. This business seems to me to be good. Estou bem, or estou bom, or boa. I am well. Está bem, he is well off, financially. 135, special cases. Aki, here in this place, is associated with the first person. Por aqui, this way. Daqui, hence. Daqui a três dias, three days hence. Daqui em diante, henceforth, from now on. Ca, here, is also associated with the first person. Vem cá, come here. It is also used with the first person for emphasis. Eu cá me entendo. I, here, know what I am about. Ai, is associated with the second person, and refers to a fixed place near the speaker. Bote aí. Put it just there. Ali, is associated with the third person, and refers to a more distant and fixed place. When used in comparisons, may mean either very or too. Muito longe. Maybe either very far or too far, according to the context. Sim. Yes, is used after que, in indirect discourse, to mean so or just so. Creio que sim. I believe so. Acho que sim. I find it so, or I think so. Sim, and não, as replies, are rarely used alone, but in polite conversation are accompanied by senhor, or senhora. Where yes, would be used in English. In Portuguese, the verb used is ordinarily repeated, or é as used. Está pronto? Are you ready? Estou? I am? Viu o vapor? Did you see this steamer? Vi, or viu. I saw it. Nada is sometimes used as an emphatic know, as explained in 136. Mesmo is used for emphasis in connection with the adverbs aí, aqui, etc. Ai mesmo, in that very spot. Daí por diante, or daí em diante. From that time on, line cima, up there, line baixo, down there. Aonde? Where, wither, indicates motion toward, and Donde? When's motion from a place? Onde estou? Donde venho? E aonde vou? Where I am? When's I come and wither I go? Para onde? Wither. Para baixo. Downward. Para trás. Backward. Por onde? Which way? Por baixo. Beneath. Por detrás. Behind. The English a go is expressed by the use of the impersonal verb há, from haver. Há um ano, a year ago. Just and just now are expressed by the use of the verbs acabar and chegar. And by the adverbs ainda agora. As acabou de jantar, he has just dined. And ainda agora jantou. He has just now dined. Aguarinha. A diminutive form of agora. Now is similarly used and shortens the time past. There is expressed by ali, lá, and acolá. Lá and acolá are associated with the third person and refer to places distant, but not precise. Bote lá. Put it there, that is, somewhere there. A outro vem cá e ele vem. I say to one, go there, and he goes. And to another, come here, and he comes. It often happens that a single English word can be rendered in Portuguese only by an adverbial phrase, such are somewhat and somewhere. Um tanto indisposto, somewhat il. In alguma outra parte, somewhere else. Algúris is sometimes, but not often, used for somewhere. Negation. 136. The adverbs of simple negation are não, no, not. I have not studied. Nem, neither, nor, nenhum, nem outro. Neither the one nor the other. Nunca, never, nunca vi, I have never seen. Nunca mais, jamais. Never more. Jamais. Never. Nunca jamais o saberá. You will never know it. Nada. Nothing. Though commonly announced, this word is sometimes used as an adverb of emphatic negation. Vai a cidade? Are you going to the city? Nada. Decidedly not. The expression pois não. Literally, why not, is sometimes an affirmative, equivalent to certainly. But it is sometimes a negative. The meaning in these cases is determined by the intonation. Pois sim is similarly an affirmation or negation according to intonation. 137. Double or emphatic negative. Two negatives are used for the purpose of strengthening the negation and are not, as in English, equivalent to an affirmative. Não sei nada disso. I know nothing about it. Is correct, Portuguese. Likewise are such expressions as não sei não. Não tenho nada. Não há nada. Não conheço ninguém. Não devemos nunca. Interrogation. 138. There is no special arrangement of words for asking a question. That a question is asked is indicated colloquially by the tone of the voice or, when written, it is shown by the use of the interrogation mark. Este livro é meu. May mean, is this book mine? In which case the interrogation mark would be used. Or it may mean, this book is mine. There are certain words, however, which in themselves sometimes, but not always, imply questions, such as quanto or quanta, how much, quantos or quantas, how many, por que, why or because, como, how or as, and qual, which. The expression não é assim, is it not so, and não acha, don't you find it so, refer to a preceding sentence or idea, and are equivalent to the French n'est-ce pas or the German n'est-va? Prepositions. 139. Prepositions are either single as à, to, até, until, or they are prepositional phrases, cerca de, about, antes de, before, in time. The prepositions de and à are used in connection with direct objects, as explained in 122-123. De follows certain adjectives, capais de, capable of, ele é capaz de chegar a qualquer hora. He is liable to arrive at any time. Cego de, blind, cego de um olho, blind in one eye, seco de raiva, blind with rage, dependente de, dependent upon, digno de, worthy of, doente de, ill with or of, distante de, distant from, fácil de, easy to, próprio de, próprio para, proper to or for. Similarly, de follows certain participles used as adjectives, C124, such as pintado de verde, painted green, vestida de seda, dressed in silk. Di is also used idiomatically in such expressions as estar de pé, or em pé, to stand up, ir de chinelas, to go in one's slippers. The preposition de is much used in certain idiomatic phrases and sentences, such as chorar de prazer, to weep for joy, morrer de fome, to die of hunger, fazer de tolu, to act the fool, chamar de ladrão, to call one a thief. The preposition de of often drops the e and takes an apostrophe when followed by a word beginning with a vowel, desci, of this, for gi esci, da que li, of that. They are also written desci and da que li, with e li, it forms deli. When the preposition gi is followed by the definite article, the two words unite and are written and pronounced du, da, du, sh, da, sh, in place of gi, u, etc., C15. 140. The preposition en is similarly combined with the definite article forming nu, na, nu, sh, na, sh, as explained at 15, and with esci, esci, and a que li, forming ne, sh, ne, si, and na que li. 141. The preposition a, tu, has so many and such varied uses that it seems best to give a list of them. a, tu, as used to express, a, the place to or toward which with the idea of returning, to go to the square, b, the place where or near which, to be at the door, situado a beir amar, situated at the seaside, si, distance, measure of place and time, a tiro de bala, a gun shot away, three kilometers away, d, end or purpose, to work for the good of the country. Deu-li o vinho aprovar, he gave him the wine to test, i, material, pintar a óleo, to paint and oil, bordar a ouro, to embroider with gold, f, time in which, partir ao meio-dia, to leave at noon, d, future time near at hand, expressed with the infinitive, está a chegar, he is about to arrive, h, length of time, daqui a dez dias, ten days hence, i, manner, obra feita a pedaços, work done by bits, a pé, a foot, a cavalo, horseback, anado by means of swimming, j, distribution and succession, dois a dois, two by two, gota a gota, drop by drop, k, means instrument, cause, matar a fome, to kill with hunger, with dagger thrusts, cantar a viola, to sing with a viola, calçar aos pés, to wear on the feet, l, measure, price, tax, to measure in meters, comprar as a roubas, to buy by the roba, vender a peso, to sell by weight, juros a cinco por cento, interest at five percent, m, quantity, aos centos, by the hundreds, chover a bom chover, to pour down rain, and, manner of action with infinitives, andar a saltar, to go jumping, to hear the birds a singing, oh, conformity, ao parecer, as it seems, a vontade, as much as one likes, object of reference, pronto a responder, ready to respond, apertar a mão a alguém, to press one's hand, q, hypothesis, a ser assim, in that case, or a, and para, too, besides other relations, both express movement toward, but with this noteworthy difference, a contains the idea of returning, while para, contains the idea of remaining, vou à Europa, and vou para Europa, both mean I am going to Europe, and are both correct Portuguese, but the former means that I go to return, while the latter means I go to remain there, in such expressions as está para chegar, and está a chegar, he is about to arrive, both refer to future action, but para expresses a more remote, and há a more immediate action, 142, inverse and colloquially, com, with, sometimes drops the m, when followed by the definite article, com os teus, or com os teus, with, thy, in place of, com os teus, on the preposition, per, c, 15, 143, pelo que, is an idiomatic expression, pelo que dizem, from what they say, pelo que me toca, and so far as it concerns, touches me. Certain adjectives and participles used as adjectives are followed by por, célebre, distinto, famoso, ilustre, notável, responsável. Examples of participles used as adjectives, and requiring por, banhado, cercado, conhecido, disperso, habitado, perseguido, povoado, footnote. Habitado and povoado also admit of de, as cercado de amigos, surrounded by friends. 144, the following are idiomatic prepositional expressions, abaixo de, beneath, acima de, above, afim de, in order to, além de, beyond, ao redor de, around, a quem de, de, this side of, a roda de, about, cerca de, about, diante de, before, di entre, between, de frente de, in front of, dentro de, inside of, dentro em, inside of, depois de, after, de sob, below, de sobra, super abundantly, de trás de, behind, em roda, around, junto de, near, longe de, far from, para com, toward, pé ante pé, on tipto, perto de, near, por baixo de, below, por cima de, above. Four prepositions required by certain verbs see 122. Conjunctions, 145. Conjunctions are either single as, i, and, porém, but, quí, then, or they are conjunctional phrases. Following are the more idiomatic of the conjunctional phrases. Afim de, quí, for the prepos of, ainda quí, although, in spite of the fact that, unless, antes quí, rather than, before, apesar de, in spite of, apesar de quí, in spite of the fact that, contanto quí, so that, provided, de maneira quí, de modo quí, so that, in such a way that, depois quí, after that, de tal modo quí, de tal sorte quí, in such fashion that, enquanto quí, while, although, entretanto quí, whilst, no caso quí, in case that, para quí, in order that, se bem que, although, sem quí, unless, visto quí, in view of the fact that, a, then, is usually, quí, but it is also expressed by, mais água que café, more water than coffee, mais que vinte, more than twenty, mais do quí é necessário, more than is necessary, mais de uma vez, more than once, either, or, are expressed by, ou, ou, ou pode ou não pode, either you can or you cannot, si, neither, nor, are expressed by, não, nem, or by, nem, nem, não quero, nem posso, I neither wish, nor can I, não tenho nem ouro, nem prata, I have neither gold, nor silver, interjections, 146, interjections are single words as, oh, o chalar, would to God, or they are interjectional phrases as, vale-me Deus, aí de mim, alas-me, quem me dera, would that, tomara que ele venha, I wish he would come, interjectional phrases containing such as, aí de mim, infeliz de ti, pobre dele, are said to be elliptical, the complete expression would be something like, aí, tenho compaixão de mim, infeliz, tenho compaixão de ti, pobre, tenho compaixão dele, coitado, coitadinha, abbreviations used in writing, 147, there are several abbreviations of Latin origin that are the same as those in English such as, a d for anodominy, a t c for etc, p s for post scriptum, and the like. In addition, there are many abbreviations for Portuguese words, the most common of which are given in the following list. These are used extensively in correspondence and in the official documents. AFFO, afetuoso, AMO, or AO, amigo, anto, antonio, atto, atento, bel, bacharel, bto, vento, capitão, c i a or c o m p, companhia, c o n s o or c o n s r o, conselheiro, c o l or c o r e l, coronel, cr do, criado, de don, dona, di, deus guard, d a dita, dona, d o, dito, di, di, or, di, i, di, m o, dignissimo, dr, doutor, e f, estrada de ferro, e x m o, excelentíssimo, e x m a, excelentíssima, i r m, ispera a receber merci, f i r a, ferreira, f r, frei, f r a n c o, or f r o, francisco, g e n l, general, h u m l, humilde, i l l m a, ilustríssima, i m p, imperial, j c, i j a n o, janeiro, j o a q m o j m, joaquim, j e, josé, m di, muito digno, m l o m e l, manuel, m a, minha, and maria, m t o, muito, n, norte, n or n o, número, n s, nosso senhor, n s a, nossa senhora, ou, oeste, ou b d o, or ou b d o, obrigado, ou b d a, obrigada, ou d c, oferece, dedica, e consagra, used in the dedication of books, etc. p p, próxima passada, p a, para, p e, padre, p e r a, pereira, p e f, por especial favor, q d o, quando, q t o, quanto, r e v a, reverência, reverendíssima, or v d o, reverendo, or v m o, reverendíssimo, s slash c, sua casa, s são, sua, sua, s m i, sua majestade imperial, s p, e serviço público, s s, sua senhoria, sua santidade, s r, s n r, senhor, s n r a, senhora, s t o, santo, s t a, santa, footnote, s, santo, and s, santa, saint, s, is a short form of santo, and is used before names beginning with a consonant as s, j, s, maj, s, as used before words beginning with a vowel as s, an, tonio, santo inácio, santa is the feminine form, and is used before feminine nouns. The final a is dropped when the name begins with a vowel as santana, and a footnote, s i o, salvo, erro, omission, vi, você, vi a, vi uva, vi a, vossa autesa, vi a, or, vossa autesa real, vi e x a, vossa excelência, vi m a de i, vossa majestade, vi m i, vossa majestade imperial, vi e n d o r, venerador, vi m, vossa merce, vi m si, vossa merce, vi s or vi a s a, vossa senoria, one o, two o, primeiro, segundo, etc. 7 br, setembro, 8 br, outubro, 9 br, novembro, 10 br, dezembro, similarity of words in the two languages. One of the difficulties sometimes encountered by a beginner of Portuguese comes from a misleading similarity of certain words in the two languages. A few such words are here brought together to illustrate and emphasize this feature of the language, but the list is not complete. It is noticeable that words of this kind are chiefly from the Latin, and that they have descended to the English language with one of their meanings emphasized, and to the Portuguese with another. It should be noted, however, that the meanings given are the common rather than the only ones. List of Portuguese words having a meaning different from similar words in English. Ação, share, in company, acordar, to awaken, atual, present, time, admirar-se, to be surprised, aluno, student, apreciar, enjoy. Ahmá, ready, tie-up, artista, artisan, ascender, to light, fire, assentar, to sit, assistir, to be present, bravo, wild, bruto, rough, campo, open field, colegio, to school, preparatory, combinar, agree, comum, ordinary, competência, jurisdiction, concertar, to mend, constipação, cold in the head, dano, injury, demandar, porto, to head for, denunciar, to announce and denounce, desapontar, to put out, desgraça, misfortune, direito, right, straight, durar, to last, espaço, period, espetáculo, performance, estreito, narrow, esquisito, queer, face, cheek, faltar, to be lacking, fama, rumor, impertinente, exacting, importar, to amount to, idioma, language, idiotismo, idiom, miserável, wretched, miséria, want, nomear, a point, ofendido, hurt, oficio, trade, ordinário, commonplace, worthless, parente, kinsman, particular, private, partir, to start, prejuízo, injury, querer, wish, real, royal, regimento, rule, ruin, bad, segundo, according to, sereno, do, singular, peculiar, sorte, prize, sucesso, accident, vapor, steen, steamer, visio, habit, vulgarizá, to popularize, vulgarmenchi, commonly, end of chapter 8, end of a brief grammar of the Portuguese language by John Casper Brenner.