 Dear students, in this module we are going to talk about different sociological themes and topics which become important part of the subject matter of sociology. So we see that we hear and we observe around us that we use different mechanism and methods to explore the word around us and part of our stock of knowledge they become part of our stock of knowledge. However, when we talk about the sociology, we cannot say that every topic and every theme can be worth sociological investigation. So let's see that what can be the possible themes and topics which can become part of sociological observation. The first one that we're going to talk about is social stratification and inequality. Every process, every action, every interaction that social stratification produces between people creates a different level of inequality and it is an important task of sociology. Then similarly, we have race, ethnicity and social discrimination which is created from the idea that this discrimination can be based on our race, on our social position and it can also be based on our educational background. For example, if there is a race, a black person, or someone else, or there is a physical defect or disability, discrimination is created based on that. Then there are different ethnicities. Some think that ethnicity is more brave than other ethnicities. Some think that ethnicity is more honest than other ethnicities. So as we undermine each other, the discriminations that are created on their basis, then we have an economic system based on which major discriminations are created, whose economic status is higher, we consider it well, we respect it more. For example, the status of which it is lower, understanding all these aspects is also an important field of study for sociology. Then we talk about gender and sexuality, sociology because in gender, in human relationship, inherent inequality is created on the basis of a man, a woman, a transgender. And the differences between them are whether they have been created based on their birth or they are socially constructed. These are the societies that distribute them within a transgender. Then we see that there are family and kinship relationships. The definition of family on some places is different than the other places. Who do you consider family? Who considers European society family? Their definition of family can be different, their structure can be different. For example, our extended families are also present and our kinship structure is present, uncle, uncle, uncle, all relationships are interlinked in kinship structure and how they are established, how they are perpetuated. This is a very interesting field of sociology of marriage and family. Then we see sociology of education as an institutional institutionalized activity. Especially modern education is an institutionalized activity. How does your socialization process contribute? Does social education produce inherent inequality? Or does social education provide abundant opportunities to excel yourself? This is an important field of sociology of education. Similarly, sociology of religion studies religion and spirituality. We see that religious activities, norms, values, across cultures, across societies, across religions prevail. How do different religions give importance to a person to become a part of their society? They do not only tell the definition of right or wrong, they also provide the foundation of solidarity to the normative pattern. Then we see that globalization and transnationalism. Today's society, which we call a globalized society, we call a globalized world, how we are connected with each other, how modern technology is connected with each other, the use of the internet, the use of social media, the use of traditional media like TV, movies, dramas, films. All these things are also playing their role in producing a globalized culture. So transnationalism, as we see, is not just a citizen of a single nation, it can be a multinational or transnational. In a way, there are many Pakistanis who have stayed in European societies, but they are also practicing their culture there. So all these things we see in sociology of globalization, sociology of migration, and sociology of transnationalism. Similarly, sociology of medicine, or medical sociology, in which we see health, illness, it is not that health, illness, and medicine are all fields of medicine, and it has nothing to do with sociology. In fact, this is an important aspect, how can we define health? Who will we call a healthy person? Who will be unhealthy? Who will be engaged in our health process? What are the processes? What is the doctor-patient relationship? What are the different health systems, like the traditional health system, or the modern health system? How do we define the illness of an individual or define the health of an individual and set different standards for that? All these important aspects or topics ultimately convert into different sub-fields of sociology.