 Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem. As-Salamu Alaikum. Today we are going to talk about inferencing. First of all we will see what inferencing is. Inference is an act or the process of inferring or drawing conclusion by looking at evidence and applying reasoning. It requires to apply your previous knowledge and beliefs in order to make an assumption. It is just like reading between the lines which means sometimes a writer do not give information explicitly rather we have to infer the intended meaning by looking at certain clues. Now we will look into the types of inference. There are basically three types of inference, deductive, inductive and abductive inference. Let's see what is deductive inference is. A deductive inference is also known as reduction and it is a type of reasoning which requires a general true statements and then narrowing it down to apply to a specific situation. For example, as we know that birds have feathers and penguins are birds then we can infer with this information since penguins are birds and birds have feathers therefore penguins have feathers. The second type of inference is inductive inference which is exact opposite of deductive inference. Inductive inference is a type of reasoning that requires to make a broad generalization on the basis of specific observations. For example, if you have eaten out in a specific restaurant for five times and every time you dine out in that restaurant and the quality of food is really good and it is delicious then we can make a generalized observation on this basis that the food is really good every time in that particular restaurant. The third type of inference is abductive inference which is a logical inference that starts with an observation or sets of observation and then seek out simplest and logical explanation. For example, if you come home and you found out that your house in a disarray and everything is scattered around the only logical explanation for this that there might be a burglary that had happened. Now, we will see that how we can make an inference. There are few steps that you can follow while applying your reasoning. The first thing is that you need to gather evidence and then what you need to do is that if it is a written piece of work you need to find contextual cues. You need to see a recurring patterns. Then after doing these things what you need to do that you need to narrow down your choices and apply your reason and after that you will draw a conclusion. Here is an exercise for you. Imagine that your father is screaming and his violent and will you be able to ask him for permission to go out on a party or will you be able to ask money from him? So what we can infer from this thing that if a person who is violent, who is screaming it means that that person is angry and it is not a vice time and it's not an appropriate moment to ask to go for a party or to ask for money from your father. Okay, let's have a look at this image and then answer the questions that what is the setting of this image, who these people are and why this man particularly wishes that somebody invented a clock that works faster. I hope that you have taken your time. So let's take a look at the setting. As we can see the image shows that there is a desk full of documents and there is a desk drawer. So we can infer that this the setting is like an office room. So if it's an office room, we can infer that the people who are in that office are office workers. And the last question was it that why that person particularly wants the clock to work faster. As we can see the look on the face of a man, he looks very tired and he desperate to go to home. So that's why we can say that he wants to go to home. That's why he wishes that there is a clock who works faster. Okay, here's another exercise for your practice. If you read out the passage, you will get to know that this passage is about a man, Geoffrey, who is getting late for his for his interview. He is in a hurry. He wants to get in time. Because if he did not get the job, Martha will have to leave children home and get the get back to work. So the question is, who is Martha? The information is not explicitly given over here in the passage. So we have to infer how we can infer by utilizing all the steps we have done before that we will gather evidence. We will apply reasoning. We will look into the contextual cues. And then we will draw conclusions. Since read after reading this passage, we can infer that the relationship between Geoffrey and Martha is of husband and wife. So Martha is his wife, she could not be his mother or his child. In order to conclude, we can say that inferencing is a skill that helps you to find out underlying meaning in any piece of art, which is either written or if it is in a form of an image, you can use your critical logical skills while applying it to the text and it will help you to get the underlying meaning of that particular text.