 Today, we would be moving ahead and looking at how self the individual plays an important role in this whole dynamics till now our understanding says that there are certain types of needs which are important for human beings in terms of helping him or her maintaining the level of adjustment, maintaining the ingredients of mental health. But in this whole process today we also discussed that there are certain characteristics and many of these characteristics basically is an interplay between the individual and certain elements in the environment. Now, when individual becomes important it is also important to understand that the self of that very individual also acts as a determinant. Now, when you look at the individual you can think of three basic assumptions, the reality assumptions, the possibility assumptions and the value assumptions. So, when you think in terms of you know striking balance between different types of needs, when you think in terms of you know having certain physical, emotional, social you know desired characteristics which would be considered as the denominators of healthy development. Similarly, we have certain assumptions here we are tri-focating the assumptions as reality assumptions, possibility assumptions and value assumptions. Now, reality assumptions basically you know reflects the view of the things as the individual things they really are. Today you remember we had talked about the frame of reference that there is a need for and adequacy in the frame of reference because individual will always look at others and life events with respect to his or her frame of reference. But in case you know this life experience or the new experience that one has does not fit into that frame of reference one would know certainly derive certain degree of discomfort accepting such things. Therefore, the very idea that you know your perception of how things actually are of the kind of person you are and the nature of the world around you. This constitutes the reality assumptions means for any given thing for any given individual for any given group of individual for any given you know stimuli in the environment. You have your way of looking at it and you say that this is how it actually is. Then you also consider that this is how you are and then you also know interpret the world that this is how the world is. For you this is how you have interpreted things and for you this is what the reality is and there could be a difference between what you consider to be a real representation of the stimuli of yourself and what others think of you and the similar type of stimuli that you are now considering to be of a certain type. How much is the mismatch between you know the perception of two individual will again know pose some type of obstacle in terms of adjustment would require you to realign your thought your assumptions that is you know inter individual type of situations there could be inter individual type of situation where you find that your own reality assumption and the remaining two assumptions that we have not discussed. You might find that there is a certain you know degree of incompatibility between the two where once again there is a need for you to adjust. Possibility assumptions basically you know as the nomenclature suggests possibility assumption basically is the view of how things could be. So the possibility that you search in terms of modifying it rectifying it the possibility that you think can be induced in the situation or within yourself or within the group to modify certain things to change it. And then you also think in terms of the opportunity that it can give to you for your own personal growth and social progress. So that is the possibility assumption. So you know how things are and then you start thinking of is there a possibility of a change. If yes then you would try to modify it. In the process of modification you all think either in terms of know that this is how I would grow in the process or you might think that this is how the community as a whole the society as a whole would progress. One day you remember we were talking with reference to intelligence and creativity and I made a statement that know researches show that for proving know certain facts and figures for mega concepts in certain spheres of knowledge in certain domains you need to be above certain age and in certain domains you need to be much below certain age because that allows you know the possibility of thinking of all know possible or so called perceived weird ideas which usually somebody who is well informed would try to fit into one or the other frame. Possibility assumption know is too close to similar type of discussion that we had yesterday where you know how things are but you know start searching for a possibility of introducing some change. Now imagine certain situations will take know small examples and then we will try to extend it. Say you go to the school for the first time and within a week your parents receive a report from the teacher that the child probably has some problem because he or she cannot attend to know what is being done in the class your what does not participate in the class activities. So usually the process would be that teachers would before know making the parents know about it that teachers themselves would try to find out is there a possibility of modifying it. If it is difficult or if their perception is that it is not possible then they might report it to the parents that find this is what we are struggling with. Now there could be multiple ways of handling it know as a group of teachers or as a single teacher and as one parent or as both the parents know at their own level or combined effort of both of them to make the child come up to the level that is expected in this school that could be one possibility. The moment you think of this you are basically thinking of certain changes that you think can be induced into the system into the individual. One of the greatest scientist of this world was know thrown out of the school he was expelled because the teachers thought that know he has some intellectual deficit that does not know help him come up to the level of what the teachers teach in the class. The mother had to struggle a lot to know pursue the teachers that fine I will work hard with my son you should allow him to continue in the school but finally the British schools did not agree to it and then the mother decided that fine know if the schools are not able to handle my kid and because I have delivered this baby so let me handle the child and the mother taught her child so well that one day this child came up to the level where the world now knows him as Newton. Now Isaac Newton know imagine a situation as a child do not think of him as a great scientist just think of him as a small child where a set of know stakeholders the teachers they decided fine you are intellectually not capable of meeting the need of this very school and hence I do not see any possibility of any change in you and hence you should be expelled out of this school and then the mother thinks that fine there is still the possibility of know modifying the behavior and she finally proves herself. What I am trying to say is that there could be no great degree of variance if you look at the real life cases of course we have taken the most celebrated cases but even in day to day life you would realize that know many people have to struggle know many of you I am sure must have a struggle at one point or the other some of you even after qualifying J.E because of the whole instruction taking place in the foreign language this is not your mother tongue the whole demand that you learn a new subject at a particular pace in a foreign language is too much of a demand. Now imagine know situation of somebody say who has come all the way from south of India is given a room where he has a say a north Indian room partner he is know introduced to a mess where you have know north Indian food staff child the boy has or the girl has been know staying away from the family for the first time in the life. So first time you are in the hostel first time you are in this chill winter you never knew what winter means you only heard of it as a season and then you are told it morning at two clock the classes begins its chilled morning you know that your friend is from north India mother tongue does not match taste does not match preference of songs does not match in the hostel the food does not match in the lecture all the mode of instruction does not match your taste too much of difficulty one would many of you must have experienced. If not all of them all of us have experienced some of them know probably either in one go or discreetly know at different time you have different type of demands against which you had to go. The importance of possibility assumption is that even though you are in a difficult situation it allows you to think that is there a possibility for me to modify certain things. I remember somebody was narrating this experience of one of his wing mates here in the class that he was from rural area in Rajasthan had great difficulty speaking English understanding English and had terrible time in the first semester. The boy who was explaining this story narrating the story said that me and many of our friends were from the convent background and therefore we were very very conversant in English very very comfortable in this foreign language and we could very easily make a distinction of know our comfort level with English and his great discomfort with English and that boy started know watching English movies reading English books the whole attempt was to improve English like anything and he said that after one year his level of English was far superior to us although our entire education was from the convent background you just try to undo something that this is my deficit I will overcompensate it towards the end of this module we will talk about certain types of mechanisms where we would be also talking about know overdoing certain things you just decide that fine this is what I lack so I will definitely attain it and in that process your attempt is so vigorous that you over attain in that whole process this is of course at the individual level you are thinking in terms of what you can achieve in terms of your personal growth think at a larger level know at a more macro level when you have a system at place and then somebody decides that is there a possibility of transforming the whole society is there a possibility of wiping out this type of a feeling wiping out this type of a thought imagine a situation when Mahatma Gandhi would have know conveyed this idea that we should know try to get rid of untouchability right now it might not seem so sound but imagine in those days when there was a heightened degree of this feeling in the society somebody who searches for a possibility of change in the society and says that can we get rid out of it so right from there to say somebody like say Diana and Saraswati for example the man who at one point of time decides it fine is there a possibility that society can think of the remarriage of the widows now these were know extremely deviant thoughts from the then social perspective but then you find that rest of the society is still know very religiously follows the system here you have somebody who thinks that is there a possibility of a change now you are not thinking of personal growth rather you are thinking in terms of the progress of the whole society I am sure you must have seen this ad nowadays I do not remember it is ad of one of the automobiles where a young boy gets down of a bus in a rural area and then the tea shop keeper there says know that better you had gone to city to study and he says that yes I have completed my study and I have come back to the village remember that I and he says that but people go from village to city and he said no but I have come back from the city and then he says that this is the place where my call center would be and then there is a whole transformation of the village this know small tea shop owner becomes a rich man is well dressed and very emotionally shares with the child at find you have transformed the whole village know this is the ad very small ad which comes I do not remember of which product it is one of the automobiles I guess know which basically allows you to know conveniently move from one location the urban to the rural location but one interesting hidden message there is that there is a great possibility of transformation at the rural level know that instead of having those big offices in the urban area have it in the rural area and people can know stay in the those who are staying in the urban area can still know commute to this belt to this local locality rural locality where the office is situated and they can go back this is I know I will say that this is again someone who was visualizing this was also probably thinking of a possibility assumption. Now reality assumption allows you to perceive things in perspective know who is where is what is we are able to make that distinction with the help of our reality assumptions the moment you have the value assumptions coming into picture you start thinking. So, I now understand that this is what I am now that I understand that this is how things are is there a possibility of a change say for example IITs were established to know forced technical education in this country and for long it was you know moving on the same lines when one of the government committees suggested that now it should start branching off into other areas besides engineering education that committees report know few people explained it one way few people tried to explain it the other way few people condemned it few people want try to justify it but what is very interesting is that you gradually realized that something which is established with a particular motive runs for certain time period of time and then you find there are individuals who would think that is there a possibility of modification remember anything that remains stable will start stinking from that point of view. So, you need to have a system which is dynamic which keeps on evolving over time. So, so is true for individual cases so is true for the at the macro level the social cases and then we come to the value assumptions now these are know the view of the way people would start looking at things and would start know demarcating things as good or bad right or wrong desirable or undesirable. So, these are all know basically value oriented judgments by default whether you want it or not you would be classified as good or bad your behavior would be classified as right or wrong certain set of your reactions would be considered divided as and looked upon as desirable or undesirable this is the truth the only interesting thing in terms of these assumptions are that you always have a mix of them it is not that know you have reality assumption in isolation possibility assumption in isolation or value assumption in isolation know these things will always combined together and this makes the story of the life very interesting know we will take couple of examples know to see know when you add these three things in a given situation for different individual how things know become very very different I am not know promoting certain ideology I am not promoting certain ideas I am just trying to take real life examples right one of a medical practitioner from Madhya Pradesh who also happened to be know the human right activist was once arrested by the police forces the charges against him was that he has been sympathetic to the Naxalites the charges was that he has been extending services medical facilities to the Naxalites and basically being sympathetic having that ideologue and those things so he was arrested the local court had sent him to jail the high court also did not give him bail and this thing was hyped like anything in the media and it was not only the Indian media it was the international media who was looking at it because people considered that this is basically violation of the right of a citizen being sympathetic or know providing medical care is not a crime finally this case know went up to the Supreme Court of India and there was this interesting way of looking at it in all the three levels in the judicial system a set of people who was know basically from the police side the government side they said that fine once you start extending your expert services to a group which is anti-national your involvement with such people also makes you anti-national this was one view point and this was a strongly and a repeatedly suggested in the court of law at all the three levels right from lower to the Supreme Court there was a counter viewpoint which said that see I as an individual can know be sympathetic to one ideology or the other but I myself is not involved in anti-national acts and therefore I cannot be clubbed together with the Naxalites but what was very interesting and why I am quoting this example is that we are talking with a reference to self as a determinant know. So this person says that see I am a practicing doctor I have the license from the Medical Council of India fine when I look at a patient I do not discriminate whether you are a Naxalite whether you are from the police forces or who you are your profession does not matter to me who you are also does not matter to me what matters to me is a professional is the remedy that is needed for the problem that you are experiencing for me it is basically the disease for me it is not you could be a Naxalite your disease cannot be an Naxalite now think of you know the whole way the person is looking at it know so you try to explain yourself with respect to the reality assumption who am I I am a doctor you think you think at it from a possibility assumption is there a possibility of providing your expertise to all classes of people or would it be would it be confined to only a small subset of people and you say that fine there are people who deviate from the government's viewpoint who are fighting the government but then there could be a possibility of providing medical care even to them because I am looking at the diseased body I am not looking at the individual and therefore you say that for you my behavior could be undesirable it is a wrong deed but I consider it to be the most ethical act because as a doctor I am treating the diseased body the diseased body I treat the diseased body of the police forces I also treat the diseased body of the Naxalites what I am trying to say is that these assumptions the moment you put it and you take any any there are thousands and thousands of such situations the moment you put them together situation becomes extremely complicated because first you define yourself you define the context in which you decide to modify your own behavior or you demand a modification in others behavior or you demand know modification in the social system that is the possibility assumption and then you start looking at from the value assumption point of view whether this is right or wrong take the very very recent episode no a gang rape episode in Delhi large number of students who move to a certain location in Delhi which is otherwise considered to be the power center where most of the ministries and other other icons are there. Now the reality assumption is that there has been so many cases I am also a women or I am also a man who have women in the family in the friend circle so I define myself I look at the situation I look at my surrounding world at see this is how the rate of crime against women has increased in the national capital and overall throughout the nation this is what proves the inefficiency of certain stakeholders in the government system. And therefore, a large number of people know come forward you say that fine you know we are now demanding that there should be a change in the system all you are saying is that the system is at place and you see possibility of changes that can be introduced you define yourself the reality assumption your possibility assumption that the system must change. Because the system is taking long time to change and you do not trust the people who are supposed to know change the system change the laws and the bylaws you think that they will take more time or probably take much much longer time. And therefore, you start you know applying pressure on them through this mass protest and then you have your value assumption that comes and you say that this act is completely justified and then on the other side this person say that fine this is the line that we have drawn you should not cross this line there are barricades put here you should not cross this line. And if you cross it I have all right to use water cannons to use latichards to use tear gases I am sure you must have heard the debate that took place around that time know the people on the other side of the line saying how justified the act was people on this side of the line saying how unjustified this act was. There is nothing like a common type of a ground know you just have two bipolar views simply because the way you are you know defining things the way you are looking for a possibility of a change and therefore, the way you are trying to make things value oriented is different. Now, imagine a situation if two such people or a set of such people have to live together there would be a great demand on you to adjust each of these individual and each of this group will have tremendous pressure on them to adjust according to the new social realities a negative example twice in our country it has happened many a times, but twice in our country I can recollect that after certain set of mass violence one section of the society decided to know live in a very different way the first was 1984 know anti-sick riot very interestingly I do not know if you have read about it in details during the anti-sick riot in 1984 there were no selected places in India where the sick community was targeted one way on very interesting way of looking at it could be that it was largely economically prosperous areas because you know that the sick community is into business and they are prosperous businessmen hence know that most what you call violent type of behavior was seen by the crowd in these localities otherwise in small small places small small events took place, but for small again I am saying from a perspective of somebody who is an outsider who did not experience it a small act what I say as a small could be extremely bad for somebody who personally experienced it know so that also you should understand now after this anti-sick riot in 1984 very different type of alignment took place in many cities in India there were specialized colonies where it will be largely infested by the sick people with tall barricades main gates very tall walls around it so you basically know you are within a locality you are trying to create an isolated pocket where the density of such people who have been the victim of one type of a mob violence will stay together Delhi for example it has a whole colony the government initiated know establishing that colony of people who lost their family members during the 1984 anti-sick riot similarly in certain localities in certain areas in Gujarat also know after this Godra post Godra riot again you realize that certain segment of the people they decide to move to certain localities where they are in majority and then you have that type of defensive structures now think it from how at a certain point in time you have to redefine who you are how painful it could be how who you are how is the world around you you lived very happily for 25 years 30 years and then suddenly you know everything breaks down there is a documentary sometime if I get time electron I will show you a small visual from that basically a sick women elderly sick women who was the victim of the bomberite talks in front of a camera and she says that you know we were young little girls in 1947 when India and Pakistan were separated there was a mass violence and we lost both heart parents we migrated to Bombay and now I think it was 1991 right if I remember correctly and she says that now it is 1991 when I am this old and my husband has been stabbed he is admitted in the hospital and while she is narrating this she is sitting actually in the corridors of the hospital she does not say anything else but the expression on her face you can see you know now think of it from this point of view that we were discussing you know that you as a small child you had one way of what you are who you are what the world is around you one major experience in your life both the parents are killed you redefine yourself you redefine the world around you again after 45 years you have to redefine yourself you have to redefine the world around you how how difficult it is and therefore do you would realize that literature in mental health literature in trauma psychology literature in clinical psychology is full of such people who had extreme life experiences from this point of view when the society was at unrest we were talking about it you know sometime back that you need to have peace and tranquility in the society if you want many a parameters to move on the positive side of the spectrum the moment you have these disturbances and higher is the frequency higher is the intensity more and more people will start deflecting towards the negative end of the spectrum. So, it was all about these assumptions now we come to three types of anxiety that has to also to do with you know these three set of assumptions that we talked about we talked about reality assumption possibility assumption and value assumption. So, here we have three sets of anxiety reality anxiety neurotic anxiety and moral anxiety now reality anxiety would arise out of you know the danger or the threat that you perceive in the external world that there is a looming danger in your immediate environment and you are sensing it you have perceived it the example of the same you know sick women that we were talking about right now the whole anxiety comes out of the real life situation that she is encountering in life before we come to neurotic anxiety those of you who have not gone through or who are not familiar with the Freudian viewpoint just go through his whole theory of psychoanalysis and read the concept of ego and superego. What Fred basically said was initially he said that we have the unconscious the pre-conscious and the conscious structure of the mind and his whole assumption was that we have knows he said that there is an basically he gave an iceberg analog saying that nine tenth of our you know experiences remain at the unconscious level one tenth is our conscious level and then there is a very thin line in between what is what he called as pre-conscious state of mind conscious you can understand that whatever you are able to sense it as of now that would be constitute the conscious experiences unconscious experiences would comprise of those experiences which you had earlier in your life but you are not able to know recollect them even after the best of the effort that you can put it pre-conscious he said that basically no conscious experiences will gradually be pushed down because of the incoming conscious experiences and therefore some of it will go at the pre-conscious level now so you have it you are not able to recollect but then it can be detected using certain slips whereas conscious you can very easily recollect unconscious he again said no that there are there are ways of know even knowing the elements of the unconscious mind for pre-conscious he said that there could be certain slips like slip of the pen slip of the tongue and these slips will reflect the pre-conscious state of your mind you are speaking something and suddenly you had a slip instead of saying something else came forward with the other word and say sorry sorry sorry and then you know re-spell the other word Freud says that the initial word which actually is an outcome of a slip of the tongue reflects your inner feeling the modified version that you give forward is basically a socially desirable outcome similarly slip of pen you wanted to write something else but wrote something else and a beautiful example you can find in the book introduction to psychology by Morgan King and Scoplar where in the chapter motivation you find a letter written by a mother to her son where she know wishes good as she extends her good wishes to her son after he gets married to a young girl mother somehow did not approve of this marriage and therefore throughout the letter wherever no rest of the words were spelled correctly except congratulations all congratulations had spelling error and the errors were random. So, if you know right wrong spelling could be that know you are probably know you are mistaken in terms of what the spelling should be but if you perform random errors in the spelling of congratulations then it is conveyed something at this case later on came because the mother had later on developed some other complications and in order to understand the nature of the case and the gravity of the case the origin of it finally these letters were deciphered where this is how the psychologist came to the view that the mother child relationship is basically the origin of the problem unconscious Fred said that no he is it is his sentence where he says no that the dreams are the royal road to unconscious. So, Freud in fact said one of the his Freudian technique is interpretation of the dreams where the content of the dream is analyzed to find out the content of the unconscious mind and of course he later on introduced hypnosis as a technique to extract information from the unconscious mind. We are very quickly you know browsing through it if you want to read it in details read the books you will find fantastic description there later on Freud know revised it and he came forward with again three structure model where he talked about it ego and the superego he said that these three structures they guide our behavior and they themselves are driven by three different principles it is governed by pleasure principle it by pleasure principle means I want it it pleases me and therefore I would love to have it ego is you know driven by reality principle. So, ego will always take into account where am I who are the people around me what will happen if I do this what will happen if I do not do that. So, all such calculations the ego will do. So, it is in touch with the reality and then superego which is you know driven by morality principle all do's do's do's do's right wrong good bad all type of moral judgments. Radiant theory says that eat and the superego they usually know run in contrast because one works on the pleasure principle and other works on the morality principle and it is the responsibility of the ego to look at the reality and a strike balance between the needs of your eat and your superego even for small small thing it happens. But then this is the major challenge that one experiences every moment in life, but all of us are successful striking that balance say for example you see a good ball pen in the hand of a friend very good I should have it the eat will ask you to have it immediately it is not worried about the means that you adopt to have the pen it could be stealing it could be forcefully snatching it superego tells you that no it is wrong how wrong it is no that even at this stage you are thinking of stealing a ball pen you remember in class 2 you had done it for a small sharpener that type of moral anxiety it will induce and then ego strikes a balance and he says that fine maybe that when the shop opens here in shop see I will go and see if this pen is available now the later on if you go into the details of no pathological behavior you would realize that over no satisfying the need of the eat or over satisfying the need of the superego both are equally dangerous you have to strike a balance and that is your skill and that is the whole story why we are studying this psychology of adjustment fine so we come with that introduction we come back to neurotic anxiety now neurotic anxiety are caused by the impulses that threatens to break that control mechanism again coming to the back to the world of advertisements no control career took as you remember that I had so you are trying to put a barrier that no no no and you realize that your impulses are overwhelming it is about to surmount the obstructed at you are putting the control mechanism that you are putting at place now once you realize that you are incapable of controlling your desire you come forward with the behavior which invites punitive measures and that is the source of neurotic anxiety and then comes the moral anxiety where either it can arise out of a real situation it could be a contemplated action which is in conflict and where you start no feeling that what you did was not good not right and gradually it makes you develop a sense of guilt truly speaking it is very difficult no say if you blame me I can very well defend myself all of us are good at it but imagine the situation where your inner self starts blaming you you are defenseless you cannot satisfy your own inner self and the guilt that comes out of it the quantum of it is so huge that people who have this thing large majority of them gradually see okay they need assistance to regain their normal state okay so we would continue with this next time.