 aspiring student ambushing cram this is the 6 th lecture in a series of 45 lectures on digital logic design कैसे है आप आज औज यचाला सब हुँँँ आच्ठे होंगे और पुरी तरा तेयारी कर लेंगे है आँम्गे है आई अगे आई देक ही�े होँँगी अजचले रक्चर थोड़ा अग़ा अरेवाया है अआआ चाचले लेक्चर में अस थाद के दा लोगगगगेट से शो आज चन्चिनुग करने से अगले पिश्ले लेक्चर तो ज़ा रवाय॥ कर रड़ें après me the last time it was said the logic case Martinebell's basic building block in any digital logic circuit When you implement this circuit you need to represent this by drawing this circuit diagram when i draw this circuit diagram in it we have to tell every component if the circuit is AND gate, OR gate , OR transistor Like all components these logic gates have different symbols तोहोंगाख आन्गेत लिएक करता किया है? now we said there are different ways to represent the function of a logic gate. आन्गेत में बात कीती है, two input and gate लिया था एक तरिका तो ये है, you write out a table, a truth table अप वाँइब भी बनाअ. then you write out a table, a truth table अपवी बनाभ बनाभ बनाब बनाभ बनाब. तो नबयडा रividades कवम थो जो खत्रिकं सूenting नबयडा बजापalayas koul Hay was my न यस ँनी आ नबयभीन यो ड़ी Association नबयभीन नबया को बजOH konse as f equals to a dot b, where dot is the and operator. We talked about the timing diagram. And gate है, उसको एक दफ आपने एंपोट नी अपलाय करना और एक यी दफ अपट नी आगेगा, it would continuously process input signals. So at both inputs a and b, you would be continuously applying ones and zeros. Output प्या होगा, change होते रहेंगे. For that period of time, let's say 10 seconds तक आपने अपने अपलाय की हैं. So for that 10 second time period, you need to display the output of the AND gate. कैसे होगा, you draw the timing diagram. Now in the last lecture, we talked about 3 basic gates, the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. AND gate, the Boolean multiplication, performs the expression of which we said that f equals to a dot b. OR gate, Boolean addition, performs the expression is f equals to a OR b. OR plus sign is used. The NOT gate basically complements the input. सो थाकर A someone hai applied keringa notgate connect to an good pair of output में  pół लोगने अगो दे आयागा डाए closely अगची चाट नब पातः इम मैं करि Ko अदगेत के औढ़तर Awayसब ती अगचा दे ची निल्ज सग warfare करा ओर पीन पीे ब्र स़़्ा थे ये रखरा इनㅋो वै गाचा रफर पीे टे बो शी Found आंप् chairs औंँर, आंद, यार �陽नway इंकार बद Bieber मट़्राब रजातMUSIC तू के करते Eyes तृत्wegen Jin Empress अद्रेय अद चाल बाल ज़र साज़़ी के नव्ट dBj नव वो कचंई करकते से का मु से न्य प� Dj कुज़ कान तुर्न vyard और र वो कची घ awfully bent को पार्दमीत क्तादे blinds to the ँईषन्ताय। आफ़ता है और थी एक से लिए मै कुप रहाता करद्मी wasting a-will% अनब चाझीनी इचने इक से चाशो काईक向ने�ा जचीऍनो चाट्ये आवईचने गाअ moonlight नास पोा Tale разработ कत आम कोपकि काक बतानी क हूओलो् deliberately आवानón तित क्छका नावाद भी नावाद बाता से श्खाटगेषे, ये वहर्च्ढाद लगेटोग्ढेंीश हो थे, मुअ अश्दीऊश जेद्चाटगेशा, या औरभादक शाथदचाददे करतें!  Twe to implement the AND gate, we require a combination of three NOR gates. in the last lecture, we said that the AND gate can be represented by its alternate symbol, which is the OR gate with three bubbles, two bubbles at the input and one bubble at the output. Now, if you just remove the two bubbles at the input, what you see? see in orgate so this particular norgate is represented by norgate 3 what do you do with the two bubbles at the inputs as we said before the two bubbles represent two inverters so you use norgate 1 and norgate 2 configured as two inverters which are of course connected to the input of the norgate 3 so accommodation of 3 norgates 1 2 n 3 represent the AND gate now let us see how we can represent in AND gate using norgates well earlier we represented an AND gate using 3 norgates norgate 1 norgate 2 connected as inverters to another norgate 3 now accommodation of these 3 norgates represent the AND gate now what is the AND gate it is the inverse of the AND gate so you add another norgate at the output of norgate 3 so the combination of 4 norgates as shown in the diagram represent the AND gate now a norgate can also be implemented using NAND gates now if you remember a combination of 3 NAND gates 1 2 n 3 is used to represent an OR gate what is an OR gate if you invert the output of an OR gate you get an OR gate so you add a NAND gate NAND gate number 4 to the output of the NAND gate number 3 the combination of 4 NAND gates 1 2 3 n 4 represent the NOR gate we have just seen the examples of a NOR gate and a NAND gate we just saw that we can use the NOR gate to implement an inverter NAND gate OR gate in fact a NAND gate you see the NAND gate has come use to implement an inverter AND gate OR gate AND an OR gate so NOR gate NAND gate they are truly universal gates if you do not find any gate if you just have the NOR gate OR the NAND gate you can implement any logic gate now before we proceed let us have a look at the applications of the NAND gate and the NOR gate let us assume that we have a warehouse a kamra hai jaan kuch chemicals store kar rahe hai chemicals se kuch fumes nikalthein kuch poisons fumes nikalthein jo hamne exhaust fans ke through disperse karne atmosphere main so let us suppose that there are 3 exhaust fans installed in that room now it is important that all 3 exhaust fans are working agar koi ek bheech mein khraab ho gaya toh poisonous castings jo na kamra mein jaan ho jain ghi now we need to install an alarm system so let us suppose that when the fan is working it a circuit an interface circuit generates a 1 that 1 is connected to the input of a NAND gate so when all 3 fans are working the interface circuits would be generating 3 1s 3 input NAND gate apne use kiya hoa output kya aayega well the output would be 0 now the output of the NAND gate is connected to an alarm so if all 3 fans are working tino once generate karenge output NAND gate ka 0 hoega alarm nahi bajayega let us suppose 1 fan stops working kya hoega jo interface circuit hai it would generate a 0 jab 0 hoega now if you just remember the function or the truth table of an NAND gate if any input becomes a 0 the output is going to become a 1 so now what happens the alarm is sounded now let us consider the use of the monorgate apke gharo mein washing machine to ho ghi dekhye ho ghi chalthe hoa let us improve the washing machine usme kuch nahi hum sensors waira lagaatein washing machine ki upar lid hotee khol ke bhej mein kapdae daal ne normally jab wo chalre hi hotee lid kholen to ap agar hard daal ne to injury ho saktee usme so let us put a sensor agar chalthe hoa washing machine ap lid kholen to sensor jo hai a koi output de jisse machine rukh jaani jaye ek aur sensor lagaatein jo jo water level hai tub mein usko dekhre agar us level se kum hai pani to machine ko na chalne dek ek thisa sensor lagaatein which measures the weight of the clothes in the tub agar tub mein jaada apne kapdae daal ne to wo motor pe zor padega chalhe hi nahi usme so basically we have three sensors one to look at the lid if it is open or close another sensor to monitor the level of the water and the third sensor fitted at the bottom of the tub to check the load in the washing machine now all these three sensors output is zero when the lid is closed when the water level is at the appropriate mark and the washing machine is not loaded now let us suppose the washing machine is running and you open the lid what happens the sensor generates an output of one e tino sensors ke output jo hai they are connected to inaugate now how does inaugate function jab saare input uske one hai the output is zero agar on me se ek input zero ho gaya output kya ho gaya it remains a zero agar saare inputs zero ho jaye phir usk output kya ho gaya one now we said we have three sensors they output all ones or all zeros ok agar koi sensor detect kar ke lid khulge hiya pani ke level kum ho gaya hiya weight zata ho gaya so wo sensor ko ka output karna chahi one zero well agar wo one kerega output kya ho gaya inaugate ka zero ho gaya now the output of the inaugate is connected to a switch so whenever the output of the inaugate is zero the switch is turned off which basically turns off the machine so tino me se koi bhi sensor one bhe jaega the machine is going to be turned off now let us consider two more gates the exclusive or gate and the exclusive nor gate exclusive or gate basically is a combination of other gates wo hum baad me dekhenge kon se other gates generally we have a two input exclusive or gate multiple input XOR gates bhi ho sep main us now let us look at the function of an exclusive or gate to table ketne columns honge well two columns honge chho represent kar rahe honge input and one column would be representing the output now how many input combinations are we going to have if we have a two input exclusive or gate well do input se chaar possible combinations and we zero zero zero one one zero and one one exclusive or gate ke outputs ka honge well when the input combination is a zero and a one the output is going to be a one and then if we have a combination of one and zero at the input the output again is going to be a one zero zero input or one one input ke liye ja output exclusive or ke hai it is zero so exclusive or hume kya bataar hai jab dono inputs different hai phir wo one generate kar hai agar dono inputs same hai then it generates an output of zero to yeet ho gaya us ka two table ya function table expression exclusive or gate ka ka sa likhenge again it's a two input exclusive or gate so you have the input a and b so the expression is f equals to a than you have some operator b operator kya hai plus sign within a circle the plus sign within a circle means exclusive or operation take it now let's have look at the timing diagram of an exclusive or gate jasthan hume ne and gate ke saath kya tha baaki gates ke saath kya tha you can continuously apply binary zeros and ones at the two inputs of the exclusive or gate us ka behavior kya ogar output pe well it depends on the inputs so wo change hota raya ka so let us have a look at the timing diagram of the exclusive or gate a combination of zeros and ones is applied at the two inputs of the exclusive or gate the two inputs are shown in the diagram the output of the exclusive or gate of course depends on the input let's have a look at interval t zero the output is zero why because the two inputs are both ones at interval t one the output is one why because the two inputs are not the same we said exclusive or gate would generate a one when the two inputs are dissimilar again t2 kya agar api ke the output is one because the two inputs are again not the same t3 interval pe output zero ho kya because both the inputs are ones and similarly you can have a look at interval t4 t5 and t6 the output is one because the inputs during these three intervals are not the same we just saw the timing diagram of a two input or gate or gate ko symbolically kya se represent karingi symbol kya hai exclusive or gate ka well it is very similar to the symbol of a nor gate input pe ek extra curved line hai so you will get to see the symbol of an exclusive or gate now let us have a look at another gate the exclusive nor gate let us consider a two input exclusive nor gate kithne possible combinations hosaktne again chaar hosaktne 0 0 0 1 1 0 and 1 1 output ek hi hoga again normally you have a two input exclusive nor gate zyada input ke bhi hosaktne but generally as I have said two input ka exclusive nor gate use kya jaata now for a combination of 0 0 the output of an exclusive nor gate is going to be a 1 for the input combination 1 1 the output of an exclusive nor gate is again going to be a 1 for the input combinations 0 1 and 1 0 the output is going to be 0 se kya nazarar aapko agar aap isko compare kere pishle gate ke saad the exclusive or gate ye bilkul uska invert hai right so exclusive nor gate ka output kya hai it is inverse of the output of the exclusive or gate isko aap represent kya se karingi expression form mein well again very similar expression f equals to a voivala symbol plus sign within a circle b and whole bar baar kya represent karta jo function hai usko hum compliment kya raya ashmai now how would you represent an ex ex nor gate symbolically basically nor gate ka jo symbol hai with a curve an extra curve at the input again you will get to see the symbol the actually I just remember I have made a mistake exclusive or gate jo tha uska symbol hai or gate with a curve exclusive nor gate ka symbol hai nor gate with a curve so just remember this now we need to look at the timing diagram of an exclusive nor gate again let's consider the two input exclusive nor gate uske inputs pe hum different bits ones and zeros ke combination apply karte hai let us see what is the output of that exclusive nor gate before we have a look at the timing diagram exclusive nor gate basically jo function hum ne abhi discuss kya kya raya jab similar inputs hai to phir vo one dera jab dissimilar inputs hai phir vo zero dera so now let's have a look at the timing diagram of an exclusive nor gate combination of zeros and ones is applied at the two inputs of the exclusive nor gate a and b the two inputs are shown in the diagram let us consider the output of the exclusive nor gate at interval t not both the inputs are logic one so the output is logic one because the exclusive nor gate output is one when the inputs are similar at interval t one the inputs are not similar therefore the output is zero again at interval t two the inputs are not similar the output is again is zero at interval t three the inputs are similar they are both logic one the output is again logic one for intervals t four t five and t six the inputs are dissimilar so therefore the output of the exclusive nor gate is a zero for the three intervals t four to t six now let us have a look at the applications of an exclusive or gate and exclusive nor gate in the last lecture we talked about detecting errors kya method use kya tha hum ne parity bit odd parity even parity odd parity mein kya kar raya the we send a message and we send an appended bit which is known as the parity bit at the other end you count the number of ones who odd maloom kya raya even maloom kya raya so if you are supposed to be sending some data with odd parity at the receiver and you should have odd number of ones agar odd number of ones nahi hain that means there's some error in the data would detect kya se karen gya bits ek ek kar ke ginayenge well manually to possible nahi hain so you need to have a logic circuit so you apply the incoming data at the input of that logic circuit that logic circuit should give you a one output or a zero output indicating if there is an error or there isn't any error so you can have a circuit to detect odd parity and you can have another circuit to detect even parity parity detectors jo hain kya se banenge we basically you are going to be using exclusive or gates and exclusive nor gates so you are going to be using a combination of these gates to detect the parity bits let's have a look at the circuit diagrams of these parity checkers consider the three xor gate logic circuit which is used to detect odd number of ones in a 4 bit binary input combination consider the 4 bit binary number 000 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively of xor gates 1 and 2 the output of xor gate 1 and 2 is 0 and 0 the output of xor gate 3 is also 0 now consider the binary number 000 11 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively the output of x xor gate 1 with inputs 000 is 0 the output of xor gate 2 with inputs 11 is 0 both the inputs are similar therefore the output is 0 the output of gate 3 is 0 thus the output indicates that the binary number 000 11 does not have odd number of ones consider the binary number 000 11 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively the output of xor gate 1 with inputs 000 is 1 because both the inputs are dissimilar the output of xor gate 2 with inputs 11 is 0 because both the inputs are similar the output of gate 3 is 1 thus the output indicates that the binary number 000 11 has odd number of ones similar 4 bit combinations can be applied at the inputs of gate 1 and 2 and the gate 3 would generate ones and 0 depending on the number of ones in the 4 bit combinations consider the 2 xor and a single xor gate paste logic circuit used to detect even number of ones in a 4 bit binary input combination consider the 4 bit binary number 000 000 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively of xor gates 1 and 2 the output of xor gate 3 is a 1 consider the binary number 000 11 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively the output of xor gate 1 with inputs 000 is a 0 the output of xor gate 2 with inputs 11 is again a 0 the output of xor gate 3 is a 1 thus the output indicates that the binary number 000 11 has even number of ones consider the binary number 000 11 applied at the inputs a b c and d respectively the output of xor gate 1 with inputs 000 is 1 the output of xor gate 2 with inputs 11 is 0 the output of xor gate 3 is 0 because of dissimilar inputs thus the output indicates that the binary number 000 11 does not have even number of ones similar 4 bit combinations can be applied to the circuit the output 3 would be a 1 or 0 indicating if there are even number of ones or there aren't even number of ones we've just looked at applications of the exclusive or gate and the exclusive nor gate up till now we have been discussing different gates we started with and gate or gate discuss gear not gate discuss yet team jo ha basic gates basic operations karan and gate jo tha boolean multiplication karan or gate jo boolean addition karasman nand gate nor gate basically any gates ki combination a so nand gate combination a and gate or not gate ki or nor gate jo ha it's a combination of or gate and not get exclusive or gate exclusive nor gate is again a combination of and or and not gates so these are all gates if you understand these gates how they function then you understand half the digital logic you have read in it a bigger bigger circuit bigger bigger computer which is basically it is going to be made up of these gates combined in different manners combination logic we will read later that how you will combine them now we were talking about how we will present each gate symbolically in the circuit that will be discussed in it now how would you physically identify a gate that this is an gate this is or gate this is not gate let's suppose you go to an electronic shop and you are trying to implement a circuit so how would you ask for an end gate how it is identified the second question i think it must be coming in your mind that how does the AND gate itself do this function so we have talked about it that we will apply something on the input and it will come on the output but actually why the function comes let's say if both are zeros then why does it come on the output if both are ones and gate then why does one come on the output how is it working so basically all these AND gates internally are implemented using transistors transistors you must have read it's like a switch transistor ka ek collector hota ek emitter hota ek base hota so base pe agar aap koi voltage apply karen so the transistor is switched on agar wo base se voltage remove karne to transistors jo switch off ho ja das main so basically all these gates which we have studied use a combination of these transistors to switch from logic one to logic zero different technologies used ki jaati to implement these transistors so cmos technology here ttl technology here wo han baad na baad karenge ka in ka fayda ka hai and how they are different to see jo na baad ki thi kinko identify kaise karenge now using these transistors you are going to be implementing these gates so these gates are available in the form of integrated circuits ya amt aur main ko kainte chips integrated chips har chip ke khas sakal hoti kuch number of pens hoti hain kuch pens jo hain ground ko connect karthe hain kuch power supply ko connect karthe hain kuch pens jo hain ap gate ki on ko use karne aap apne logic circuit man so let us have a look at these ic's and how you identify these ic's but before that let's have a look at the transistor how it is being used to implement an inverter hum ttl ko baad karenge or cmos ko baad karenge the ttl and cmos implementation of the not gate is described in the simplified ttl implementation of the not gate a transistor switches between logic one state and logic zero state when a voltage plus v which could be plus five volts representing logic one is applied at the base of the transistor the transistor is switched on connecting the voltage supply vcc and the resistor to the ground a current flows from the supply vcc to the ground due to which there is a voltage drop equal to the supply voltage vcc across the resistor as a result the output v output is at ground potential or zero volts which is logic zero thus the output of the transistor circuit is complement of the input if the input base of the transistor is connected to zero volts logic zero the transistor is switched off and there is no flow of current from the supply voltage vcc to the ground through the resistor thus the output of the circuit is at a potential equal to the supply voltage vcc or logic one the cmos implementation uses two complementary p type and n type mosfets or metal oxide field effect transistors when a logic one is applied at the v input of the not circuit the p type mosfet switches off disconnecting the supply voltage vdd from the output of the not circuit the n type mosfet switches on connecting the ground to the output of the not circuit thus the output of the not circuit is at logic zero similarly when a logic zero is applied at the input v input of the not circuit the p type mosfet switches on connecting the supply voltage vdd to the output of the not circuit the n type mosfet switches off disconnecting the ground from the output of the not circuit thus the the output of the not circuit is at logic 1. To identify and use the integrated circuits or ICs in implementing logic circuits, some sort of identification code has to be used in which is printed on the IC package. Thus the various logic gates are identified by the codes shown. The prefix 74 is used to identify a commercial version of the device from the military version of the device identified by the prefix 54. Military versions are designed to withstand harsh and severe environmental conditions. The XX part of the code identifies the switching speed of the gate which we are going to be discussing later. So a quad 2 input NAND gate which is 4 2 input NAND gates in a package is identified by the code 74 XX00. So XX as we said identifies the switching speed. So the important numbers are 7400. Quad 2 input NOR gate that means the package has 4 2 input NOR gates is identified by the number 74 XX02. Similarly the hex inverter. Inverter has a single input single output. So an IC has 6 of these inverters. It is identified by the code 74 XX04. A quad 2 input NAND gate is identified by the code 74 XX08. Similarly you could have a package containing 3 input NAND gates. So you have 3 of these in the package. The number the identification number is 74 XX10. Again a triple 3 input NAND gate that means there are 3 NAND gates each having 3 inputs is identified by the number 74 XX11. A dual that is 2 4 input NAND gates in a package are identified by the number 74 XX20. Some additional gates. A dual 2 input NAND gate is identified by the number 74 XX21. A triple 3 input NOR gate is identified by the number 74 XX27. A single 8 input NAND gate in a single package is identified by the number 74 XX30. A quad 2 input OR gate is identified by 74 XX32. A quad 2 input XOR gate, Exclusive OR gate is identified by the number 74 XX86. And a single 13 input NAND gate is identified by 74 XX133. There are many other packages having different combination of gates. Of course they all have different and unique numbers. The 7408 14 PEN chip has 4 or quad 2 input NAND gates. The input PENs and the output PENs of each of the 4 gates are shown. To use any one or all 4 gates the appropriate PENs are connected. PENs 7 and 14 are connected to ground and supply voltage respectively. The 7432 14 PEN IC package has 4 or quad 2 input OR gates. Connection to the OR gates are identical to those of the 7408 NAND gate IC. The 7404 14 PEN chip has 6 or hex inverters. The input and output connections of each of the 6 NOR gates are shown. PENs 7 and 14 are used for ground and supply voltage respectively. The 7400 is a quad 2 input NAND gate IC. The input-output PENs are shown. PENs 7 and 14 are connected to the ground and power supply. Similarly, the 7402 quad 2 input NOR gate IC is shown. The 7486 quad 2 input XOR gate IC and the 74266 quad 2 input XOR gate IC are shown. We have just looked at the identification codes of different gates. So, now if you go to any market in an electronic shop, if you want to buy an AND gate, so you just ask by its number. You don't need to remember these numbers. When you use them, you will remember them yourself. Electronic data sheets are given in which numbers are given, the characteristics of gates are given. So, it is very easy to identify a gate. We have said that each gate is implemented by using transistors. Transistors are used as switches. Transistors have different characteristics. The way of implementation is also different. Different technologies are being used. Let me pose you a question. मैं आपको केतनों के एक आप आदर बनाई एक खल्कूलेटर बनाई, जो आद कर सके, सब्ट्रक कर सके, मुल्टिप्लाई कर सके, आद कर सके, कैसे बनाईंगे, by using these logic gates. इंको किसी तरीके सब कमबाई करेंगे, मैं करनाई जाएक, मुल्टिप्लाई कर कर एक यह समथा देप, मैं अच्यापने आपने लिए करना रहात. और और जोगे सबके पुरी यग नमने कल्कूलेटर, मैं नहीं चातोंब एक आपने सबनाई गरनाई एक तेलीग भी, जी, तेगी, बड़े बड़े नम्बेस हैं आद गे अपनो आचार दे अस में, किस कसमें स्थाईट होनाचाईईईई, क्या खास्यत होनी जाईई? अग्म देप लेगादा हो तुर कर पार्यादनर प्लत है यक अचीखाजाफ़ लगा देखें के में सकतेखागा इ gaz चानर जब नगी एक देखे रहा है क्यों ऎंनो इस दीखाश रहा है। पूठ़ॉट्पा पावूची बार ज़ाशा़क को आप पू़ों देखीगे पावावावाबट़्ाचे के लिए प्राई वेन नाजा चाँता होँता। आरुग द्ने सेकूआँ सेक सेकिनल्से मुर्डान्वी। गर अनद सेकुनल्से अनद की प्रिक्वोष्रे लिए व। जो जो सान्ब बाहाँई कोत्टर्को उनध के लिए जाएक। एक सेकुनल्से की भशागा भूँतह सेकूँई एक भीचान्वी जाएक। रहां शाध। ननीदिद क्यदे अरे विख़ों रहनादोंगी। मिकनानी �alogm दान्च्योद डाब बतounding on the counter तेरा विकटन किना साध के यहां स regression तक ढफ्टकन लोगा रहा लहा हा, tremb job आर книखसान लीज सच्ढा अथ खलट on the counter तो कों जिएत लोग। त्रीकोईन आप थीबुष्टी, आप दिँ्चा इताई, अगर चNIच आप चispiel याप छमृूँ। असा क्या त्रीट, सतीं बहुंँटम आप रही हो। सहिथ रही त्रीट आप ज्गी आप यहे होतुमूँँँईन है. पुअन कोंदार सब भी पॉटरई की लेजाी रफादा पर द़ादी। अच्ठा, कंते नद्वर, अच्चा, पर वो साच दरी, त्यटे, वो कि लेजा गर्ठा यर गर्चाठा चाहई सब यहँगई, त्यटे, आप ये ईच्चाठा, नद्वालर चाछे, यह अदा प्रवेलिसनी लोगेक दींगा स्फृस्टित हैं तो सफृसकितके, तो सफृस्टित के यही तर्वावडॉने फुस्नट्चाराहने, छोबने कंगेक, ओन करे रहा पनचारतिक, और ऊह आपदा,शवाशवावाष जूगोगा आप्दाने के आच्चपात्ते तूत मोज कोई बिसे की जोँ जोँ हैंख़ुने क्रश्टेख तीश्टीख कोई यह सब ज़ान गर खोल्गे गाँने के लगे तीगी तीखाशा कोई लगे लिए नेक हैंगे खाल खोले इंगे ङह प्रेच मैंगे देखागा हैंगे काशाना खॉल्चिएदा। वहरे आख मिkokागका ज़ो मिक्रुठाश ज़े ज़ो एक आख और मिक्रूच़ो सेम्ठूद बजकिरे होताः, it has very complex circuitry. वहरे सेम्ठिंट्रि करने बजकिरे यह convinced, बज्ग मिक्रूच़्ो सेम्ठिट्री के पजदोंई आत तोई, both small area may implement. � glasshipob partーン पाल Everything's available. यहweight bond is söylen. उ now we know this. बना, शलतो Ebhen. वगेव ஒश्छ那 is, more instruments next, वगेवॐ lord, than you. पर वगेवॐ lord more instruments then without geliyor,ंतphrhar으로 आपकृखने चा Wheels, अरएं। Nakrdul, उnnerलिए hole, ंँआ और अगवोन थे ट्या को ल��ा लाए. त severe 비� Rochatad 해요। प्रम यमसाप, बी स् wary, बी आदन्स्ति के और लुप willingness porch đे लिक स्तिलने का सिय औगा आततान, ब कोई लिए इस शिन यह गैत हैं, ले Schnef hyster lifecycle, मत्र ळिएन में, एक दे है, गूल्त मेंकबिडा्टो गत्व AUDI, ब आधध और लागिन. फनादोंism within the market. अनगनाब चार्चाट filled with a small and a minimal power अ लगचा वोग़ा वोग़े लगा. You have to implement a large and complex circuit कुच्री क्चोटे से लेके लिएं फ़ोग़्े लगा. So, some of these technologies allow you to do that. Others technologies dont allow you to implement लाज शीर्क्रिथ से लोग़्े लिएं on a small area. � hide the performance out of a gate, we need to exactly know about its operational characteristics. let me give you an example. तो को तेज़ाँ, चो तेछी गडी थो स्वताँ सा अंजन है कई. अगर अदो से अद्छाँ ख़। एक ठोन को ठारें से जुग, में آپ उआजकर दी में में पन्ध लि थ longer ली वालगी चोा, अँगर थे, गो ईकाडी थी हलग at 150 km per hour to reach point B in 2 hours, ली टी नु SALUTéd एक जो को दोब और कर expression तु कै यह जो टी चो काडी केपिंपडलernt ही न бу longer और आईसा वगान ज्डियान मेंते है ख़ाभ होगाई रास्तिन है जब of theeger a larger vehicle with a more powerful engine with appropriate structure, which can travel at these high speeds. जिस्टिरे लोगिक मेंबी different gates are capable of performing at different levels. क्यों साँ लगाईका किसेई किरेगा के लेगा किसेई किसेई किरेगा किसेई किसई किरेगा and किसी की Aur electrical facilities are capable of performing at different levels. ాలికాల్లీ మ్ల్లు న్రిల్రసరిందారందిక్త్దంపి పెనూమివిలెనిన్లిావాయోల్ళిల్లాదివ్లాన్లెలానునివ్లిల్టిర్కాతాందరి. ప్పరి� अपको मेशा उसको कोणेक करनापडेगा एक पावसपलाए के सात. अप बेट्रेग के सात अपरेट नहीं के सगेंगे. जिसक्या न्हीं बाट्रीग नाँमिटर अज्दी नुएस एमूनटी और दी नुयस रेंज. नुयस रेंज को आप यस्तना देफाइन करेंगे. कर सिங்ल 1 अन 0 , रिईवनभी, अन 0 सहुतने लोगे लोग लोगो लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे लोगे, same 0 V to 0.5 V let us assume V represents logic 0 अब अगर 0.6 V comes वो लोगेग 0 होगा के नहीं होगा आप यह उन जो लगेग शिरकित जान यह यह खिल लोगेज रेंजेच रहा है उस में को एकसटन नैज खिल वोल्टेज आप चैंज होगेगे तो वूड ताट सर्किट फुंक्छन और वूल्ट स्तोप फुंक्छनें तो वूँ जो नोइस मारजन है, वो हमें दिफाँईं करना बड़ेगा. अगर एक सर्किट जो है, वो दिफ्वन्त, वोल्टेज लेवस पे काम कर सकता है, अप उसको चलातें करन्ट आरा है, अपके हम साये में भी एक और हीटर लगावा है, वो भी उसी वर्ट उसको अन कर दिफ्वन्त मजीद करन्ट लेरा है, अगर वाब्डा में सप्लाइ, क्या होता है, जब बोथ सरे हीटर ज़ा आई सी जान हो जाते है, वोल्टेज डाउन हो जाते है, तेखा, अपके एकवेप में जोई काम करना बन कर दिफ्वन्त. शमिलर इस दी केस विद लगेच गेट्स. अप भी और लगावाब्डा मड्बॉत आदर बीद, एक आपके पस आन गेट है, उसके अदफोट के साथ आप तस आन गेट कनेख कना चार हैं, पossible होगा के नहीं, well it depends you need to do some calculations. Well basically the 10 gates would be drawing current from that single gate. So, वो जो सिंगल गेट है, is it capable of sourcing current to the 10 gates if it is, then of course you can connect the 10 gates. If it is not capable of providing that much power to the 10 gates, then of course you cannot connect the 10 gates. Well for each gate there is a limit, जो उसकी देरा शीट में स्पस्पाइ हो यो दी एस में. We are going to be looking at all these parameters in detail in the next lecture. Before I finish I need to talk about the power requirement, power supply. There are two types of series of CMOS. One series requires 5 volts, the other series requires 3.3 volts. That means it works on less power. So that means such circuits can be used in portable devices where batteries have to be used. So we stop for today. This last portion was a little difficult. Now please read the notes and see the text book. Next time we will review it again. And hopefully you will understand it. Inshallah we will meet again in the next lecture. As I have said, please revise the notes again. Don't worry. Inshallah we will meet again. Khuda hafiz. Assalamualaikum.