 How did doctors treat diabetes before insulin? Almost 1,000 medicinal plants were described as anti-diabetic agents, most of which have been used in traditional medicine. And these included beans. Of course, just because something's been used for centuries doesn't mean it's safe. Other treatments for diabetes have included arsenic and uranium. Thankfully many of these remedies fell by the wayside, but scientific interest in the anti-diabetic potential of beans never vanished completely and even was raised in the past decade. Health authorities from all over the world universally recommend increasing the consumption of whole grains and legumes for health-promoting diets. And one of the reasons is that they may decrease insulin resistance, the defining trait of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a global public health epidemic. Although oral hypoglycemic medications and injected insulin are the mainstay treatments of diabetes and are effective in controlling high blood sugars, they have prominent side effects and fail to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. Common side effects include weight gain, swelling, liver disease. But I want to emphasize the second part. The mainstay of diabetic treatment fails to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. Shouldn't that be the whole point of treatment? Thankfully, lifestyle modifications have proven to be greatly effective in the management of this disease, and if there's one thing diabetic should eat, it's legumes— beans, chickpeas, split peas, and lentils. The European Association for Study of Diabetes, the Canadian Diabetes Association, and the American Diabetes Association all recommend the consumption of dietary pulses as a means of optimizing diabetes control. What are pulses? They're peas and beans that come dried, so a subset of legumes, so excluding green beans and fresh green peas, which are considered more like vegetables, and also excluding the so-called oil seeds, soybeans, and peanuts. This review compiled 41 randomized controlled experimental trials, including more than 1,000 patients, corroborating the official Diabetes Association nutrition guidelines, meaning the consumption of pulses as a means of optimizing diabetes control. Any better than any of the others? Well, some of the strongest evidence came from the studies that used chickpeas, and in terms of beans, Pintos and black beans may beat out kidney beans, compared to the blood sugar spike of straight white rice, black beans and rice, and Pinto beans and rice appeared to beat out kidney beans and rice. This may be because dark red kidney beans can have lower levels of indigestible starch. One of the reasons beans are so healthy is they contain compounds that partially block our starch-digesting enzyme, which allows some starch to make it down to our colon to feed our good gut bacteria. In fact, the inhibition of the starch-eating enzyme amylase, just by eating beans, approximates that of a carb-blocking drug, of a carbose sold as precoce, a popular diabetes medication. The long-term use of beans may normalize hemoglobin A1C levels, which is how you track diabetes, almost as well as the drug without drug side effects, with names like acute generalized exanthematous postulosis.