 I'll try and talk a little bit about hunger and food security, but with a different approach. What I thought would be nice is, first of all, to share a little bit of a context in particular about Tanzania. I will be focusing on Tanzania. And to do that, I'll take you through the demographics, a little bit look into GDP and then the employment, and then you will see where I'm going with this. And then I will also share a little bit about poverty and nutrition, and then cover a little bit on where are they hungry, and in particular here looking at the examples around stunting and breastfeeding. And then with that, I will conclude with some implications. So when it comes to Tanzania, or maybe most of the developing country, this is the kind of the population pyramid that you do expect to see with a very broad base, whereby we have more than 50% of the population less than 24 years. But then yet again, if I separate this and I share with you the difference between urban and rural, what you see and we had this morning, some of the challenges that we will be seeing is with regards to what do we do with the urban bulge, with the youth bulge that we are seeing coming into the urban areas. And this we'll see later on that it's very important when we're talking about nutrition to consider especially the youth who are moving from the rural areas, and they were engaged in some activities and they come to the urban areas, are there jobs to accommodate them? Is there food enough to accommodate them? Do they get the services to accommodate them? Now, moving away from population, the next thing that I want to share is with regards to the sectoral composition of GDP. In particular here, I would like you to look at the last two columns where I share the GDP in terms of industry, agriculture and services. What you see is over the years, the contribution of agriculture has been less than 30 percent, but that of industry is around 20 and that of services is around 47. But when you think about just a little bit before we had the structural adjustment program that is in the 1987, agricultural contribution to our GDP was around 50. Now a quick question will be does it mean employment is also following in the same order whereby the sector that is contributing less than we should expect it to have less people or is it the opposite? So the next slide I share a little bit about the employment. And here what we see is over the years, agriculture still has a lot of people who are working in it. In the previous slide I just said we only had about 20 to 30 percent contribution to GDP, but the number of people who are working in the agriculture sector is over 75 percent. And then the industry we have about 4.4 percent and the services we have about 15 percent. Now in Tanzania right now what we have is we have just adopted our second five year development plan which is aimed at industrialization. Now when I show you these figures, the first two slides, the previous slide on the GDP and the employment, one thing that strikes you is it's one thing for you to aim to have an industrialized economy, it's something else to have most of your population engaged there. And already we are happy to have the second five year development plan that is saying it will be very, very important to have more people engaged in agriculture out moving into industry as we are seeing our system has not managed so far to do that. Now when we have people engaged in industry and we had this morning, unfortunately the data is showing us they are being engaged there informally. So then again we come okay, so we do create jobs in industry if they are there, but if they are there then people are engaged informally. Then all the questions around nutrition come in. If people do not have decent jobs or they are involved in a particular sector informally, how good is this for the future of themselves and the future of the children? In most cases when we talk about nutrition it's very important. We not only think about the productivity of the people who are engaged but also the kids that are going to come about. Now here I share another slide just to show you the extent as I said this is from Tanzania. Here this is the population that is employed by secondary activity. The first one was by main activity where I showed most people are engaged in agriculture and very few people are engaged in the industry. Here I break down a little bit. My secondary activity this means the second activity a person does after the first one whereby the main activity is assumed to be an activity that a person uses more time. So if I am let's say in rural Tanzania, I pick a village, let's say an Angelingi and I spend six hours in agriculture, my main activity will be agriculture. But if my other two hours I work in any of the sectors that are listed here then that will be listed as a secondary activity in the integrated labor force survey. So what we see I said we are aiming to become an industrialized middle income country come 2025 in our second five year development plan. So all these activities around here from mining, manufacturing, construction all these are the ones that we are aiming for but what the data is showing us we have more people engaged now in these sectors that we are aiming for but they engage there informally. And the numbers that I wanted to point it out to you is the women. When it comes to mining not only are they more involved now in previously they were not even there but now they are involved but informally 27%. When it comes to construction they are also involved there. So the main activity we don't see women but once it comes to the secondary activity we see women. And if this is where they are getting more money it means they are spending they will start to spend more time. Then when it comes to nutrition will they have time to take care of the family will they have time to feed the family I thought I start with this context. Now when we look at the poverty levels in Tanzania using the poverty head count ratio there are differences between urban and rural as presented here but not only do we see the differences between urban and rural but also between extreme poverty and the basic need poverty. Dar es Salaam this is the where everything nearly happens and then you see the differences between other urban areas and the rural areas. What strikes you very quickly is when it comes to food poverty you have you see a lot of improvement in Dar es Salaam but less in the other urban areas and further less in the rural areas and when it comes to same applies when it comes to the basic need but for this case I want to concentrate more when it comes to the food poverty because that's very important. I thought also just because we have differences between Dar es Salaam other urban and rural it's also important I share with you that there are variations within regions in Tanzania. The map on your right hand side that stands in here with the 36 regions it's exactly the same thing presented but then in this format Dar es Salaam as seen before only has about 5% of people who are who fall under basic need poverty line but then you have the likes of Kigoma which is right here at the border with Rwanda and Burundi with the highest level of poverty of up to 48% of the population of the people who are poor. Now when you're having such figures still there are even more differences within regions and this in particular is showing that districts again you see the north western side being more darker whereby you have more than 50% of the population with poverty I mean 50% of the population under the basic needs poverty and that the same again you see it on the south at the southeast but when we come to look into population density because this is power square area then the area is a little bit different and then you see you're having more urban poor this is the time when we can start talking about the urban poor earlier I showed you about the bulge of the young people moving more and more moving to the urban areas quite it could be a reflection of what we are also seeing here that the poor people who are coming to the urban areas are contributing to the numbers that we are seeing here in as much as there are lots of privileges in the urban areas there are still differences so after that introduction of overview about the context in Tanzania what we know is when we have improvement in nutrition you will have also reduction in extreme poverty you will also have people with improved education of their kids also reduced gender inequality and also if people have education it means also you will have less child death because they can take a good care of their kids and even with that they can space their kids better you will have less maternal mortality and also you will also have less risk of developing communicable and non-communicable diseases and at the same time if you have good nutrition you're also better off in recovering from any illness that you would have now in most cases when we talk of nutrition I'm with a very high panel here of experts about nutrition I'm purely an economist but when you look at the demographic and health survey they're different indicators that they share just to show you what are the different issues that you can look into when you're talking about my nutrition or you're talking about nutrition and for me all the time when I reflect on nutrition I will stick to that because for me that's like once you're able to solve that then the issues around hunger and food security are also sorted out so that's how I looked at the and I understood what I was supposed to do so low birth weight it means for children you want them to have more than two and a half kilos while when you have low height for age you don't want to have your kids stunted or low weight for age wasted and then now recently more and more talking about high weight for age overweight and their best problems that we have and also low weight for height underweight but it's also very important for them to have required vitamins not only vitamin a but also iron and what have you now as I said earlier I will simply stick to two examples to put across a case of the importance of nutrition and I'm going to use stunting and breastfeeding and breastfeeding so here I'm sharing some data from Tanzania showing the children who are stunted and this is for the kids who are under five what you see is between 1991 to 2010 the levels are really high for both female and male but then the boys are even more have higher rates than the ladies than the female child that's female child is at the middle and if you move and you look if you if you look at the differences in location between urban and rural still just talking about stunting what we see is the urban children doing way much better than the rural children but when we come to age and this is very important for the policy makers stunting begins for children when they are less than six months and it goes on and only picked up up to 24 months it means if there is any intervention that you want to cup stunting it must happen before that if you're trying to intervene anything with a child after their three years it means you've missed the board so if this child is stunted even before it means the all the different indicators I shared earlier these kids unfortunately they're going to miss out so all the intervention related to stunting must happen then and these are the different different years from 1991 to 2010 from Tanzania when it comes to wealth the children born in the highest wealth quanta are doing better but those born in the lowest up to the middle all of them are not doing that much better so intervention it looks like all the people with the law from the middle to the lowest quanta they're doing bad but except with the guys who are in the highest quanta this map here shows the improvement that's where observed between 2004 and 1996 and nothing much actually unfortunately you will see the areas that I showed earlier that had high poverty like kigomas and in south here they're not much much improvement observed there now when it comes to breastfeeding at the W H or okay encourages that every woman should breastfeed their children up to six months okay and exclusively breastfed now in Tanzania these are the figures you can see the highest now we have they do breastfeed up to about close to three months but not really three months okay but then what strikes you very quickly from this and the urban areas represented by the orange color and the rural area is by green the breastfeeding figures show that people in the residing in the women in the rural areas actually do breastfeed more than the people in the urban areas and breastfeeding is very important because at the first when the child is born within the first hour if a child is breastfed then then they are protected from a lot of you know allergies and what have you later on and then up if they continue like this up to six months no liquids no water nothing then this child is even protected more but what this graph is showing us actually the people in the rural areas are doing it better than the the the the the people in the urban area so this would have implications because we know if you're not breastfeeding a child you have to be very careful with the type of water you're going to use yeah to be careful with the formula that you're going to give your child you have to be careful with the supplementary foods that you're going to introduce to the child before the six months all that would impact the growth of this particular child now I thought I'd share another example from Ghana whereby for them the average is around the average for the urban areas you have about four months and turn this on the right hand side this is Tanzania on your left hand side this is Ghana so Ghana is doing way much better in the breastfeeding field and still for them which is opposite to Tanzania you see that the urban population is breastfeeding more than their rural so what are the implications of everything that I've said so on the side of stunting and a lot of other indicators if you look at them we tend to see that the urban areas do outperform their rural counterpart with exception of the breastfeeding that I presented again I also showed that the future of the children is also determined before their three years stunting is very very is something that you would not want to have a lot of your kids with that at the same time the working environment for mothers needs to allow continuous breastfeeding because we know when the children are breastfed then they will also produce productive youth who then can become helpful in the economy now why am I raising this point earlier I showed that we do have a growing informal economy so if we want women engaged in in different activities it's very important that they are given time to breastfed their kids because it's not about them working now it's about the kids that will be producing that will need to work later they need to be ready in apart from having all the other qualities that they have to do this then it's important not only for the families and communities to work together but also engage the private sector and the government in different intervention in particular here we talk about the wash program the water and sanitation program and also to improve the intake of vitamins and minerals and then one other thing now with the SDGs but no one should be left behind it means that initially when I was giving the macro data the more you go down you see more differences so it's very important we have data at the lowest level possible and we try to utilize the routine data system that is available fortunately the five year development plan we have in Tanzania now is calling for early childhood development that is very important given what I've just said but then it's also important the health workers that are providing these different services are also trained to work with the community workers and the families also need to know the importance of different foods and importance of exclusively breastfeeding while at the on the local government level it's very important also for them to keep an institutional way of monitoring and tracking all the different nutrition indicators because we know at the end of the day if you have my nutrition it really does impact the disease that you would have around your area but at the same time it would mean that you will have a low quality of food that you are intaking and at the end of the day you will have poor maternal and childcare practices mainly could be limited to access to health care so what I've tried in a nutshell is simply to share with you who are they hungry and where they are but the part of why are they hungry that part I did not share much thank you very much