 So GCC countries have been making progress since September 11th at the helm of U.S. encouragement but also on their own accord, particularly in a couple key areas. The first is rehabilitation and reintegration of former terrorist offenders. Most notably Saudi Arabia has had a long-standing program on this effort, but there are other GCC countries who also have programs to try and take those who have committed terrorist crimes and help both disengage them from the ideology behind terrorism and also demobilize them from any future violent efforts. Another place where GCC countries have made progress over the years is on religious leader engagement. Numerous clerics throughout the GCC countries have issued fatwas denouncing terrorism and the ways in which different GCC countries have engaged in initiatives on religious topics to really try and crack down on the hateful and tolerant speech that happens regularly in mosques across the region, and then also their support for a much more positive endeavor such as the UAE's support for the forum for peaceful Muslim societies. So that's another way in which GCC countries have really upped their game on counterterrorism efforts. Another way in which they've been working, which is a little bit more of a mixed effort, is on counterterrorism financing. But many of the GCC countries have set up financial intelligence units. They have, with U.S. support, have trained officials that are able to take down big financial operations. They've been able to sanction individuals, freeze assets. So even though there are countries that have a little bit of a mixed record of having provided some safe haven for some terrorist financiers, I think on the whole we've seen a huge improvement over the last 15 years. So I think the GCC countries have, most obviously, addressed violent extremism through their military means. Almost all of the GCC nations are part of the coalition to defeat ISIS, and they have been engaging their militaries in training missions, as well as in direct operations on the battlefield to clear terrorist offenders and to capture them for law enforcement and other types of prosecution. Another way in which they've been engaging regionally and internationally is through a variety of different international cooperation mechanisms. Three of the GCC countries are founding members of the Global Counterterrorism Forum, which is an informal venue for law enforcement and other government officials to exchange best practices and to really learn from each other on specific counterterrorism topics. You have the UAE started the Hadaia Center, which is the CVE Center of Excellence, and you have different types of regional and international cooperation with the UN and the variety of UN agencies on the topics of counterterrorism and countering violent extremism. But I think the question of what's the difference between regional and international is you also have an ability with the wealth that comes out of the Gulf countries for them to be engaging in developing countries that don't always have the same access to resources. So they're combating the same scourge that some type is impacting within their own borders, but looking at it at a global scale. So for instance Qatar is a very generous donator to the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund, G-SERF, which looks to provide, it's a public-private partnership that provides community-level interventions at a very, very local level that are focused on resilience. So that's a way in which a GCC country is really contributing to the international fight against terrorism, not just the regional manifestations in their own backyard. So the five things that I think are a really important recommendation forward and places for in need of future progress to prevent the next ISIS from occurring. First is a focus on research. We need empirical and locally-based information to make better decisions. The second is a focus on nonviolent action, trying to replicate the social bonds and the quest for solving injustices by helping individuals and places all around the world take their future into their own hands through nonviolent means of solving problems. The third is on religious leader engagement. It's time that we think of religious leaders not just as those who can debate violent discourse, but instead those who are engaging with communities on the wide variety of aspects that are impacting their everyday lives. The fourth is on the security sector, trust that needs to be built with communities in order to prevent violent extremists from preying upon the real injustices of abuse and corruption and impunity. And we need to not only end those practices in the security sectors, but really build the trust with the communities that they serve. And the last area is on women's empowerment. There is no solution to this long-term generational scourge that doesn't involve 100% of the population. Women are a valuable voice in national security and countering violent extremism, and they should be a natural voice as part of the solution set.