 Module 3, that is about what is developmental delay and related disorder. So if we look into the DSM-5, it gives us a different type of disorder under this heading and these are comprised of intellectual disability, communication disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder and motor disorders. So DSM-5 is saying that the children who have a developmental delays might be classified in any one of these disorders. So we will go one by one about these disorders. Number one is the intellectual disabilities. So how do we say that a child has intellectual disability when the child has a deficit in mental abilities as well as child has a deficit in adaptive functioning? So if we explain what is the meaning of deficit in mental abilities, that means that the child is unable to perform certain tasks like reasoning, planning, problem solving and if we are talking about the deficit in adaptive functioning, then what does that mean? It means that the child has deficit at personal and social functioning level. So this means that when a child has a global impairment in mental abilities as well as in adaptive functioning, then we classify that child as an intellectual disability. You will see an example of this. The way many parents come and they were complaining that their child is not able to read, he is unable to speak, his language ability was not developed, he is unable to hold a pencil, he is unable to look after himself, if the child is 3 or 4 years old, he is unable to change his clothes or he is unable to identify his shoes on the right and left shoes. So we call these kinds of children an intellectual deficit or intellectual disability that is present in these children. Similarly, parents complain that they are unable to read and parents are usually concerned when the child is going to school and he is unable to pick anything, that is, he is unable to recognize the words, he is unable to speak, his language development is not there, his toilet training is not appropriate. So at that time, the intellectual disability, the parents get to know more that the delay is coming in the child. If we will go towards the second disorder, the Art of the Communication Disorder, this is also usually developed in the children. And in this, you will usually see that children have an articulation problem such as calling a calf a cow, and similarly, there is a problem of stuttering in which the children are a little bit of a thug or they speak a lot of different words. So these kinds of problems are scattered in the Communication Disorder. This means that the child is unable to properly articulate his age-appropriately words or he is unable to perform properly. This kind of disability is fixed in the childhood at a certain time and at a certain time, it also prevails for the lifelong. But the focus of this is only in the early childhood that is why it is classified as Communication Disorders, Developmental Disorders. Then Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder is this is a disorder in which the child has a problem in social interaction and communication. Now, what is the problem in social interaction and communication? Number one, the child will not be able to eye-contact. His language will not develop. There will be a lot of stereotypical behaviors such as hand-flapping, clapping, head-banging. You can injure yourself. You will be able to see such behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder. This is also a childhood disorder and its occurrence is also in the early childhood. The important thing for this is that this child's communication had not developed at all and this eye-contact was not able to develop. So we say that they have the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Then we will go towards the Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. Now, what kind of disorder is this? The attention span of the child is very short. The fidgety is very high. He or she cannot be able to sit calmly. And whenever he or she enters your room, you will feel that he or she will touch everything in your room. Similarly, hyperactivity will be very high. That is, he or she will not be able to sit still. When his parents come, they will tell you that their teachers complain that the child keeps wandering in the class, he does not sit, and similar complaints will be done by his parents as well. Similarly, there is a specific learning disorder. There are different types of disorders in the specific learning disorder. There can be reading disorder, writing disorder, and related disorders related to math. Now, these disorders are specific learning disorders. The hallmark feature is that the IQ level of the child or its intellectual ability is normal. But specifically, it has a problem in writing, reading, or arithmetic. The problem is that when he or she sees a word, he or she cannot properly recognize it. Difficult words are called wrong. Similarly, the arithmetic, the formulas or the digits of the arithmetic, cannot be recognized properly and cannot be memorized properly. So, these children are given specific aids. And if they are unable to perform certain tasks, then they are diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. Then the last one is the motor disorders. The motor disorder is that the motor movements of the child are involuntary. Motor movements can be done on the body parts and they can be vocal. We call them tech disorders. The different body parts of the child are involuntarily moved. Even if they try to control them, they can't control them. Similarly, there is a torrid disorder in which multiple body parts start moving inside them. These kinds of movements are involuntary and are not controlled by the child. So, at that time, we specify to the child that the child has a motor disorder.