 I will focus on the need to incorporate the contexts within which infectious diseases occur and the need for new partnerships to effectively prevent these. I'll do these using three concepts to frame the contemporary context of infectious diseases. Talk about two challenges in applying these and propose one approach. I will do this focusing on cities because more people live in urban and rural areas. The first concept is that cities are not just a destination but can be thought of as an exposure that determines health. So we move to cities for health access, employment education, social connection, but in many cases we instead get the Ss from a high sugar insult and stress environment to poor sanitation and social isolation, all factors associated with increased vulnerability to disease. So when we think about preventing disease we think we need to address the cause, which might seem like an obvious question, right? So TB is caused by the TB bug. So the second concept I want to introduce is a concept of multi-causality. So for TB for example, whilst the TB bug is a necessary cause for TB disease to occur, in order for the disease to manifest other component causes will need to be present, component causes like poor ventilation, overcrowding, etc. So that shows the importance of addressing those component causes thinking about prevention. And the third concept is that of the socio-ecological model, which basically shows that the ranges of causes range from the individual to environmental structural policies or the increase of vulnerability. I like this because it really starts to get at the question what are the different kinds of prevention approaches that we can employ when thinking about prevention. So we can ask individuals to cover their mouths to prevent transmission. We can ensure communities have access to vaccines and access to early diagnostics. Given the urban conditions, the essays that increase vulnerability to disease, how can we better align urban policies for creation of health? So realising that most of the factors that influence health actually lie outside of the health sector. I changed the focus of my research from studying the TB bug, I went back to my public health route and set up a research initiative for cities health inequity, focused on systems for health or really designing for health creation with different partners largely outside of the health sector. So we employ these three concepts to develop new partnerships for health across different sectors. For example, we've got a recently completed project on health and housing policy, but essentially we found two challenges that need to be addressed. First is the need for integrated data systems, but we've come across barriers to addressing this largely related to poor trust between sectors that are not used to working together. The second was the assumption that the responsibility for population health lies solely within the health sector and is such little or no accountability mechanisms for creation of health outside of the health sector. So one of the approaches that we're trying is the potential for distributed ledger technology to facilitate integration of data across different sectors and to enable better evaluation of the health impact of these and also to support creation of incentive mechanisms. This kind of technology is obviously better known in the context of cryptocurrency getting around issues of trust and also in the context of personalized health care, so bringing different data points and individual creates to inform, to tailor their care. But the potential to integrate population level data across different sectors that influence health to actually create health is a potential that is as yet untapped. So we've started asking how can we do this and we are now seeking partners to look at how to test the use of this technology to facilitate secure data sharing across these networks and also to look at how this can support the development of accountability mechanisms. Now for this to achieve this goal we need scientists with a new set of skills and these are some of the initiatives that the Global Young Academy in this future Africa initiative really build in the capacity to create the scientists that can embrace this kind of complexity and if we are to achieve this in Africa we need this kind of human capital to be built to ensure that Africa is ready to address these three concepts to tackle those two challenges and to really harness the potential for four IR technologies to create those new partnerships that are needed to prevent disease and to create health in our cities. Thank you.