 Hello friends, greetings from Manipal Hospital's Baner Pune. Myself Dr. Rami Thakoji, I head the Neurosurgery department here. So today we learn something about risk factors of brain tumours. As we all know brain tumours are quite common, a significant concern to the population of the society because they cause significant morbidity. However, because of the current newer techniques in diagnosis, as well as newer surgical procedures, most of these patients lead a normal life. So let's understand what are the risk factors for developing brain tumours. So the most important environmental risk factor which is associated with development of brain tumours is ionizing radiation. So those people who are exposed to a high dose of ionizing radiation, for example, atomic bombs or radiation like X-rays or high doses of X-ray radiation like CTs, they develop a high incidence of brain tumours. However, non-ionizing radiations are not associated with increased incidence of brain tumours. The next question which I always get from my patients is, doctor, we are using a lot of mobile phones, will we develop brain tumours? So there are a lot of studies going on already on this topic and I can confidently say that if you have a long-term exposure to mobile phones, that is a radio frequency like radars or microwaves or increased use of mobile phones, maybe after 10 or 12 years, there is slightly increased risk of developing brain tumours. Otherwise, the data does not support that increased incidence to mobile phones can lead to brain tumours. So there is slightly increased risk of brain tumours. Then the next most common is dietary intake. So the diet which is high in N-nitrozoamine compounds, for example, tobacco, that is highly associated with increased risk of brain tumours. Similarly, cured meats, they also contain N-nitrozoamine compounds. So we should avoid this kind of diet. But at the same time, if you consume a lot of green vegetables, vitamin C, fruits, so there is a decreased incidence of brain tumour in these people who eat high incidence of high proportion of antioxidants. Then last but not the least, the exposure to alcohol. So alcohol does not link to increased incidence of brain tumours. If we consider occupational hazard, the agricultural workers are at slightly increased risk because of increased use of pesticides. And last point I would like to tell is genetic predisposition. So certain populations because of alteration of their chromosomes are at increased risk for developing brain tumours. For example, neurofibromatosis or leaf hormone syndrome. And these patients have to be screened for development of brain tumours. Thank you so much.