 Good morning everyone. Now we will be discussing about communication and identity construction. A topic that I believe most of us are conscious and wary about especially with today's age. A lot of the millennials, a lot of the younger generation are actually quite confused about who they are as individuals. So before we start with our deeper discussion on the different theories of identity, we have to first discuss the three dimensions of the self. These are actually very integral in order to make us know and appreciate ourselves better and to make us realize that our self is not just what we see in front of the mirror. There are actually different dimensions to our one self. So first we go now to the material self. Obviously when we talk about something that is material, we talk about something that we see, we talk about something that we something that we can feel. When we look in front of the mirror, this is the material self that we have but more than just the material physical face that we have, we also talk about your body movements, the gestures that you have, how stiff you are, how confident you are when you're walking, the kinds of voice that you use, all of these are part of your material self. But we move on and we now discuss the second dimension which is the social self. So when we're trying to discuss the social self, we have to keep in mind that when we try to discuss ourselves as human beings, we're not only referring to ourselves as what we see in the mirror. We also try to include what do people know of us? Are you someone who is known as a loner? Are you an anti-social? Or are you someone who is very good with communicating with other people? These different categories of yourself or how people know you to be you are also considered as a social self. But we also have the more important one and this is normally the one that we neglect the most, the spiritual self. So before we move on, we have to discuss first, when you talk about the spiritual self, we're not actually referring to something religious or something transcendental. We're only simply referring to the mechanisms in our brain, the mental processes, the thought processes that we have because this composes our spiritual self. So we discuss here, what are your values? What are your aspirations? Most of you are in freshman or probably graduating and a lot of you probably don't know yet what you want to pursue when you graduate. When we talk about the spiritual self, we also discuss what are your belief systems? What are your ideologies? The things that compose the abstract parts of yourself and the things that you want to pursue later on. So when we look at these three concepts of the material, social, and spiritual self, we have to keep in mind that we could have some downsides if we focus too much on one aspect. Say for example, a focus on the material self. We are running the tendency and we see this a lot, especially with the onset of Instagram or Facebook or Twitter and the incessant need and tendency to just take a picture of yourself in front of the mirror or take a lot of selfies. A focus of too much on the material self will have you running the risk of being a narcissistic individual. On the other hand, people who focus too much on the social self are running the risk of becoming known as people pleasers. Why do we say this? Because when you focus too much on the social aspect of yourself, what you just want to do is simply to be able to please other people. Sometimes even to the detriment of yourself, sometimes even if it is too hard on your part already, but because you want to keep on pleasing whatever it is that other people are asking from you, then you are running the risk of being known as a people pleaser. On the other hand, and this is where the problem lies, a lot of people are focused on the material and even the social self, and they are sometimes forgetting the spiritual aspect. If we do not know ourselves or sometimes if we only know ourselves only through what we see in front of the mirror or we only know ourselves only because of what we hear from other people say about us, then we are running the tendency to fall into a lack of knowing our self concept. And with these, we will see a lot of problems that may arise as we progress. So we now move on to the, these are several concepts in relation to the concept of the self that we all know, we all hear, we all throw around these words, but what do these words actually mean? So we will briefly go through this one by one. First we had the concept of the self or what we call a self concept. Self concept is these are the things that you know about yourself, but the one thing that we have to remember and one thing that I always tell my students to keep in mind when we discuss the concept of the self concept is that you have the power to choose whether you want to integrate that concept of yourself to yourself. So what do we mean by this? Sometimes you hear some people, they say some things about you that you don't necessarily agree with, things that you won't say that, I really don't understand this, or someone is gone, that's not really me. So when we discuss the concept of self concept, we have to keep in mind that you have the power, you have the agency to decide whether or not you want to make that narinigmo saiban tao as part of your self concept or not. So in short, we should not be hearing or we should not be caught off guard saying that eh, eto wa huwe kasi iti sinabi naiban tao to huzakin. So we should not be falling under the trap simply because we have the capacity and the agency to stop and not retain it as part of our self concept. Next is we have the concept of self awareness. So dito ba ka medyo pumasuk yung concept na yoga or transcendence and things like this. But when we talk about self awareness in relation to self concept, this only refers to what we know of our self. So if you, most of you I believe have gone through a case 11 and 12 already and you probably have heard of the Johari window. So what is the significance of the Johari window here? The Johari window will has four pains. So we have the open pain, the blind pain, the hidden pain and the unknown. So the open pain discusses the things that you know of yourself and what other people know about you. So this refers to your name, your age, where you live, what you look like. These are the things that you don't keep from other people because it's pretty obvious already. And the next sense we have the hidden pain. For the hidden pain, we talk about the things that you know about yourself but you are hiding from other people. So probably some people have the hidden pain as the biggest of all the four pains simply because they have a lot of things that they keep to themselves. The things that you know the deepest darkest, the things that you are very worried that other people find out about you. So a lot of people try to keep the hidden really hidden. The third pain is we have the blind the blind pain. So from the term itself it's blind meaning we are blinded to it. These are the things that other people know about us but things that probably are we are not really aware about ourselves. So how would you know what you put in the blind pain? Normally this would come about when you ask other people. So whenever I have my students do the johari window, sometimes they get surprised and they always tell them that they shouldn't fight or quarrel with the one who has included things there because sometimes we're not just aware that we're doing things that might be wrong or might be problematic to some people but it's good that we hear from other people because then we become more aware of it and there's something that we can do to change it. And then the last pain is the unknown pain. What do we put? You don't know it. I don't know it. No one knows it. So what are the things that we include in the unknown pain? So we put here the things that our future. We don't know what our future is. We don't know the time of death. We don't know what career you will have five, ten years from now. When you graduate, will you immediately go to work or will you be someone who's going to be a bump for seven months like me? You know, things like this. So these are the four different pains that when we are more aware of it then we will be able to manage our self-awareness more. So the third one is self-confidence. It's one of the buzzwords that we keep throwing around. So what are we exactly referring to when we talk about self-confidence? Self-confidence refers to your belief in yourself. This is how you feel that you are able to handle yourselves in certain situations. Your belief in your ability to do something. That's what we call as self-confidence. So normally, when self-awareness is lower or you don't know yourself much then it will follow that because you don't know yourself much you don't have the confidence to do things because you don't know what your weaknesses what your strengths are. It would be harder for you to grapple with it and it would be harder for you to address what your weaknesses are. So for this we have, so might give a natin from self-concept down to self-awareness which will hopefully lead to self-confidence and the next is to have self-esteem. Self-esteem is simply the value that you put on yourself. This is the value that you place on yourself simply because you believe because you already know what your strengths and your weaknesses are. You know what the things that you have to work on are so because you already know all of these things you are now more able to believe in yourself and to put value or esteem in yourself. With all four discussions here would become these are all mood points if you are not able to discuss self-understanding. Self-understanding is very very important and for me I believe that of the five this is what we have to really sit down and understand well about ourselves. So what is self-understanding? Self-understanding simply means that this is our healthy view of our self. So when we talk about a healthy view of our self we're referring to both the good and the bad. We talk about the what are the worst things that you have done in your life, what are the best things that you envision yourself that you could do and this is a whole wide spectrum. So when we talk about self-understanding what we have to keep in mind here is we're not just trying to understand or to keep in mind that I etowako you just discussed all of the good things. When we talk about self-understanding we also have to keep in mind that oh oh i kauto pero i kautin to. So it's a whole spectrum of things both good and bad and for us to be able to keep ourselves grounded in order for us to not be you know to fall into sadness or depression because there are a lot of things unrealistic things that we are pressuring ourselves with one good thing to keep in mind is that we have to be able to understand and accept all good and bad from ourselves. So these are the five different concepts of the self and hopefully it will it has already given you better understanding in order for us to to move along to the other parts of identity construction because it is essential as we will see in what we have the five concepts that we discussed this is a focus on the self only but when we look at the other theories we will see that when we really talk about our identity it's not just really about ourselves only we will see this as we prepare to look at this one. TS Eliot has once said prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. Prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet so what do we mean by this exactly? Number one we have to keep in mind that when we talk about the face we're not only referring to your physical face that you see in the mirror when we talk about the face well according to to Stella Pink to me the face is the projected self-image this is the face that you prepare the self-image that you prepare in order to project to other people depending on what you want to be perceived by then that is the that is the kind of face that you will be preparing to meet but the important thing to keep note here is that we are also preparing a face to meet other faces that we're meeting and I think this is one thing that we have to keep in mind because the fact that sometimes we're so engrossed with looking at ourselves and trying to be the best kinds of individuals that we are but when we go in with other people we will be surprised that these people have different faces as well so what does it mean we're all preparing faces we're all different faces so that one face that you meet will not always be that face that would it could be a different face on a different occasion depending on the on a different situation it would be different so what is the bottom line here because we are all preparing faces number one we have to keep in mind that we have to have a concept of decorum the concept of mutual politeness mutual respect why because even if for example I am super mad at someone especially when you watch the news now there are a lot of things that will make us mad and it's very easy to just curse at people it's very easy to just to just say that you know they're bobo or something like that but when we keep in mind that we have to prepare our face to meet other faces then we have to keep in mind that what we're doing is actually preparing to meet also the worst in them and because we want to see we are realizing and acknowledging the fact that we all have the worst in us that when we are preparing our face to meet these different faces we are already projecting what we can be the best that we can be so that when we meet that negative one we won't stoop down to that level why because when you talk about our identity construction remember we have to keep in mind when we talk about ourselves it also includes how other people what other people know of us and if other people know know of us to be people who are you know easily angered people who easily lose hope or well that could cause us a problem for us so our self identity as well so we always have to keep in mind that because we are all preparing different kinds of faces we have to keep our best faces up front and when with that statement though we always have to be prepared with keeping our best faces forward then it would seem that what we are actually doing is sort of a it's pretentious to say the least no it could be pretentious but actually what we are discussing here now is the concept of Goffman presentation of self so what do we when we look about when we look at the presentation of self and we talk about geometry simply what this is referring to is the fact that all of us each individual we all have our front stage in our backstage front stage you can imagine when you are in front of the stage you are a different actor you are portraying whatever other elements are there whatever your whatever character it is that you want to portray then that's what you portray so each one of us have our own front stage and this front stage front stage may be different from other people so this is because we have different front stages with different individuals this is where the props come in so when we talk about props you talk about the different sometimes the clothing the artifacts that we have the different non-verbal elements that we have sometimes even how we talk how we walk all of these we are projecting to other people simply because we want to impress them this is where impression management comes in because because as we said a while ago we are preparing a different kind of face to each individual that we need we are trying to manage our impressions on them and because we are trying to manage our impressions on them how I am now in front of you is very different from how I am with my family for example or when I'm with my friends so it depends on who you're talking to then we are able to manage our impressions more effectively but the important thing that we have to keep in mind and I feel that he's also very significant it's our discussion of the backstage so when we talk about the backstage this is where you know when you watch when you watch plays for example or or musicals and then you move back and then the actors can now relax and say that so they can be their true selves already so this is similar to the concept of the backstage whenever when we are talking with other people for example you have a whole day you're in school you're teaching you're being a student you are a student your daughter or son to your parents then those are off-road stage your backstage could be your sanctuary where you are most comfortable where you are most relaxed to be yourself simply because you can be informal with yourself with no with no thoughts of being judged or ridiculed by other people for who you are as an individual and it's also very important to note here that the backstage is very important why because if we neglect our backstage if we regret neglect going back to our own selves and grounding ourselves into who we are then we might all be just about pretenses and impression management without really going back to our loose to who we are really as individuals so it has to be a perfect balance between the front stage and the backstage moving on we now go to the communication theory of identity and as I said a while ago when we talk about the self we're focusing more on the different aspects of our self only but when we look at the communication theory of identity we will now see that actually our identities are not just our own it is a byproduct of other things also okay so what does this mean identity itself is communication identity as communication we should not think of our identity simply as a product of it's not simply that when we talk about identity how you how you communicate with other people how you project the things that go on when you're moving around these are also parts of your identity so identity is not only seen in the as the product or the end goal this is you while you're communicating while you're doing things this is identity okay so there are two very important things that we have to keep in mind here first is the context of social relations and rules so you're a son you're a daughter you're a sister you're a brother you're a what you're a class president you're a classmate whatever those are these are social relations and rules that are sort of imposed upon you by other people and because you are perceived as this way by other people you are internalizing it as part of yourself so we can see this is coming from the outside going in because you're internalizing these different roles these different um relations and and conventions of how you should act coming from other people on the other hand because of the internalized role that we have from other people then we produce our individual identities so now from other people going to you as an individual and then now you as an individual as we said a while ago you have the concept self-concept awareness of understanding all of these things we'll work hand in hand with what we know of other people's impressions of us then the social and in every individual will will merge and then now you are able to act out that social behavior through the communication behaviors or patterns that you have so to speak in according to the uh according to cti what we are referring to here is not just you acting out period because it's very easy to say that we're acting out depending on impulses depending on what comes in our head is how we act but we have to keep in mind that because first and foremost we also take into account society's impressions of us or what they believe us to do how we are supposed to act and it will work hand in hand with our identity and how we view ourselves then now we are able to act out in a more socially acceptable manner under the cti there are four frames of identity so identity that are also all part of your own identity okay so first one is personal identity personal identity refers to who you are as an individual your self-concept your self-awareness how you view yourself personally next is we have an active identity from the term itself it is something that you enact it is something that you perform it is something that you express but you have to keep in mind here that when we talk about an active identity we're not just merely talking about expressions per se but we're trying to to realize that how you express yourself is actually your identity also so they go hand in hand okay and the third thing we have what we refer to as relational identity so your relational identity in relation to okay so first is we have relational identity through first internalizing in relation to what other people know about you you internalize the role next relational identity in relation to relationship with other people so I believe that I I just don't believe but I know that I'm a teacher okay but I'm not just a teacher because in relation to a co-teacher then that's another relational identity in relation to my parent that's another relational identity and this is where sometimes the problem comes in because sometimes if we are not able to manage our identities well they could overlap or sometimes so as a teacher it is my job to to be a bit more strict or stir with my students you know I have a very authoritative voice but when I'm at home with my family with my parents especially and we come into an argument it is very common for me to talk like this and if I'm talking like this in front of my parents it has happened a lot of times already that they scold me for being that way because it would appear that they are not able to manage their identities that could happen when we are not able to manage our relational identities well okay so third is we have through relationships with other identities so you have yeah so for example you are a student but you're also a leader but you're also a sister you're also a what are you a church leader or something okay so we have all of these different identities that we all have to grapple with and lastly we have relationship as a unit of identity so for example we've written here the term couple sometimes if you are known as an individual unit but at the same time you are known also as as the boyfriend or the girlfriend of this person or you are best known as for example as the chairperson of this particular organization then your identity is not just your own identity but coupled with it is the identity of the other unit that you are associated with or it's not the unit in the organization where you are associated with so lastly we have communal identity reflected okay sorry it's communal identity that is reflected through collective identity so what do we mean by this one I have my own identity I have different identities and all of these identities within me that's mine and when I talk to another person this person will also have their own sets of different kinds of identities when you talk to everyone around us we all have different kinds of identities so when we talk or refer to other people we're not just talking about their singular identity but instead we're talking about collective identities that could probably be influenced by by culture by ideologies by belief systems and it's important for us to know what our identity is or who we are talking about because we will be able to manage our communicative patterns better by that okay so next we have the concept of interpenetration so from the term itself penetrate interpenetrate so it's an interweaving off okay but it's not simply an interweaving off but it is actually what we refer to as dialectical interpenetration so the concept of dialectics opposing clashing contradicting and that is what we see when we are talking with other people when we are communicating with other people there is dialectical interpenetration it means to be in madame silang frames and it contradicts it is ambiguous with different frames of other people so we can see why is there a need to study communication because because of the dialectical tensions that may arise with our different frames of identities we have to be able to manage them more effectively and in a way we should not feel bad about this because it is only proof that we are fluid we are dynamic identities they might imagine how boring life would be come you identity to move on forever because you are human beings then obviously we will come into dialectical interpenetration and different dialectical tensions with other people and that's normal this part of life we have to deal with it and hopefully as we keep in mind how important the concept of the other is then we will be able to manage it more effectively okay so we also have the term identity gaps so what are these identity gaps this is the gap right so what i know of myself the different frames that i have and you that's what you know those are the different identities and different frames that you have sometimes there is a gap meaning we are not meeting halfway the discrepancies arise and this will cause communication problems or communication tensions okay so it's important to manage this so when we talk about identity gaps we have to keep in mind that these things arise simply because we have collective or different identities so collective identities refer to the to our identity based on social categorization and group membership here we are it gets a little bit more complicated simply because we have social categories that we call group membership so of course because we all have different ideologies we all have different values and different aspirations excuse me we will tend to form groups or different organizations or different belongingness with people who share similar things and this collective identity should be well and good but let's go back to what we said earlier simply because we have the concept of interpenetration then when one collective identity or one group okay will come into contact with another group and they have very differing very discordant ideologies and views then it definitely they will get into an identity gap and further dialectical interpenetration so this is the problem okay so collective identities refer to basically yeah the different racial ethnic national religious organizational identities that belongs to so many people one person have lots of different kinds of identities and it's normal so we don't have a specific personality or we're not schizophrenic we simply or multiple personality disorder we simply just have different identities so next we go to the topic of intersectionality okay so according to yeah 2015 intersectionalities are how the vectors of difference the difference here refers to the different role categorization different memberships that we have come together how these differences come together simultaneously to produce social identities and experiences in the social world from privilege to oppression so when we talk about our own identity yes we are referring to ourselves but we have to have the concept of the other in keeping with the critical paradigm it is always about trying to forward social change to trying to better the situation of the oppressed of the unprivileged of the disempowered and trying to help give them a space to be able to express themselves better so in collective identities because we will always come into contact with people who are different from us if we understand correctly that we all have our different places or different privileged positions then we will be able to adapt to well when you are communicating with people who are different from us okay so here I am collective identities and power struggles why because we said a while ago that when we talk about other people some of them are not we are all in different planes so okay we are different levels of privilege and because of that there will always be someone who will be more dominant there will always be someone who would be the the sub or the marginalized okay so if you are the dominant this could come in the form of ethnocentrism or sexism it is the looking down on someone simply because you feel that you are the more superior one on the other hand this power struggle may be manifested also in the form of the marginalized so it's not always the dominant lajo can speak okay the marginalized can also speak so how does it happen it depends on how do you reconstruct how they tell and retell their stories the collective stories nala yung narratives ng groupon nila yung narratives for example ng if they are an indigenous group how do they tell their stories so what do they hold and sometimes these are empowering narratives because in their telling their memories these memories become cultural memories that are kept alive in the in the process of telling the story so we see here that when we talk about collective identities and power struggles although most of the time it is the dominant who speaks or it is the dominant who we hear we have to not neglect the fact that even the marginalized have their own way of reconstructing their stories as well okay so what is positioning we are trying to do here is realize and acknowledge the fact that we have our collective identities but we always try to renegotiate my collective identity my identity is not just this one when i am faced with someone who may be um more disempowered or less privileged than i am then i am able to renegotiate my identity in the face of the other person so kong baga hindi mo ii papamuka kong anong meron kakong hindi ita try mo ii renegotiate kong paano ka makabag communicate because you want to be more effective you want to have a more fruitful uh conversation or communication with them so you will have to be able to renegotiate your identity when talking with people with unequal uh power okay so then i second theory natin identity positioning and self other relations actually um according to davis and harry is subject position okay it's not when we talk about the subject position this is identity also but okay say your postmanadaio identity because it has the um when we talk about identity it has the notion that what we are referring to is an essentialized self meaning it is something that is it is innate from us within us it is something that is it doesn't change it is it is there it's innate in you okay but uh davis and harry chose to use the word subject position to refer to the fact that we're we're not just innate innately identified as a particular person okay we have different subject positions why is subject position because we can transfer the locations a subject position incorporates both a conceptual repertoire and the location for persons within the structure of rights and duties for those who use that repertoire in concept on the rights and duties it'll mean if we keep in mind that when we are locating ourselves in this position and there are other people who are located in that position then we have to keep in mind that you know simply being polite to other people what are the rights what are the duties what are the responsibilities that come with being in that particular position depending on where we are located so once having taken up a particular position as so once on a person inevitably sees the world from the vantage point of that position you adapt a different not a different persona but but you adapt a different worldview in keeping with the worldview of the people where you are located in in terms of the particular images metaphor story lies and concepts which are made relevant within the particular discursive practice in which they are positioned simply put when you put yourself in that place you are yes you are bringing with you the things that you know of yourself you're being with you your identity you're different you know whatever self concept you have of yourself but when you go there if we want to have a successful effective communication with the other then what we have to do is to be able to strip them or set them aside and when we talk with them we use their metaphors we use their images we use their stories we use their languages why because it will be we will have a more effective conversation with them if the language that we're using is very different from these particular people then how would you have a successful conversation with them So if you are in a position where you put yourself because you are the one who decides to go there then you have to keep in mind that you have to be able to adapt to them okay why because adapting to them using similar sometimes dressing up the way they are dressing up sometimes speak using the language that we're using sometimes simply setting aside the concept that we have more privilege than them we will have more effective conversations and more effective communication with them why because the understanding and so that that's very important especially when we're talking about positionalities with the concept of the other okay so this is basically okay so when we talk about identity this is what we said earlier yes we are building up from the concept of the cell which is purely you all think you all know what you are but now we have the concept of your identity is not just this your identity will involve other people as well what do we mean how you identify with them how you communicate how you converse with them how you interact with other people who are different from you then that should also form part of your identity okay so because we're referring to the de-essentialized identity meaning identities that are different depending on who we are talking to then we have to keep in mind that a concept of identity and the self are always discursively produced what does it mean you are never the same in any kind of communication situation you are always changed how why by your interaction with the other person so discursively produced you know no matter how much you want to remain as is when you when you talk to other people when you actually truly converse with other people then you are discursively changing yourself not not really changing yourself but you are different in the process why because you're influenced by that interaction okay so since we said here how are you different how is this discursively produced through our use of language okay sometimes we have to modify how we use our language when we're talking to certain kinds of people but at the same time not only is our language different but how we produce meanings what we know of things will become different why because when you talk to other people we get out of our covered zones we get off we get out of our own little bubbles the diversity and means and depending on their stories and our meanings change sometimes especially if the if the story of the other is you can help but we change your meanings about certain things your meaning about life about how you converse will definitely change so this is what we said earlier okay according to the positioning theory the concept of identity is the here it is the now what do we mean by this one your identity is not something that you have established when you were five years old or when you were in high school so when you talk about your identity we're not referring to those things that you have written years ago your identity is here this is now how are you as an individual how are you when you're communicating with other people that is your identity and this is very significant because when we talk about your doing identities what we are referring to here is that we don't just talk about things we do things you don't just talk about yourself as being like this you do yourself being like this so it means that we can avoid being very you know hypocritical individuals that we keep on saying something and then doing something else so according to the positioning theory doing identities will help ground us because it is in our doing that we get to identify with ourselves better we get to know ourselves better and we have to adapt the stories the languages that they use depending on our position then the images that they have the metaphors that they're using the story lines that are using to construct their narratives their place their myths this should somehow be imbibed and we should also use it to tell us why because it is simple baseline respect for them as well we don't ask that anymore we just respect that okay so the concept now of the self and the other we said because it is discursively produced discursively reproduced what happened here in our conversations with other people especially if we try to locate ourselves in locations where where there is very there's a very wide gap between between the dominant and the oppressed must make it a nothing that we are constantly reproducing our identities okay but the important thing that we do what we have to keep in mind here is when we are reproducing these identities we're not just referring to your identities not in our talking to them we know that because we know that these people will speak from their vantage point now we are more able to to empower them to uplift them in order to make them express themselves better at the very least to be on semi-equal playing field when we are conversing with them uh i came up with this referring to the to the theories that we mentioned earlier um basically the identities that we have to do the inter-individual identities which is more social representation on the other hand we have the critical identities which is more discursive in approach okay so let's talk about the social representation actually these two when when we talk about the position theory they are different in what outcome they want okay so for the social representation side they acknowledge that there is an unequal playing field because you have the more privilege you have the lesser privilege and all of these uh different power play power struggles and definitely unequal playing field and because it's an unequal playing field okay so bargaining privilege the dominant because you have you know you're more learned you're more intelligent then more bold to talk more you know more you can say more for the social representation side they acknowledge that these people can also speak we also have the concept of co-cultural groups okay or the who refer to as the minorities so minorities can come in the form of the indigenous groups or the gay, lesbians, poor, these different kinds of disempowered people there is an acknowledgement from from the social representation side that these people are muted okay so because they're muted they try to negotiate identities how the internal struggles they face when they communicate with someone who is different from them but normally the problem is when we talk about the internal and external struggles they always fall victim there is always the implicit notion that because they are poorer because they are lesser then they cannot communicate in the same way or in the same playing field as the one who is more dominant okay so as opposed to the dominant who is the more oppressed who is the has the title of being the oppressor okay so what is the result of this they acknowledge that there is institutional oppressive power okay okay there are different mechanisms in place that are meant to subject us down or control us to make us follow what they want to what they want us to do but the problem here is normally it becomes identity resistance and intergroup separation you know they try to resist they try to they voice out their opinion they try to rebel for example against the government things like that but it stops there okay this is a discursive approach because there is something that can be done to meet halfway the identity negotiation is in the form of persuasive communication using proper rhetoric if you're able to to to provide supporting arguments then it is possible that the other side whom you previously viewed only as someone who you are able to resist now you can see that so it is more towards collaborative partnership through dialogue and mutual identity valuation concept of yes we're different but I will not just keep on pushing what I want and you just keep pushing what you want and be fight over it so discursive approach that hang on me this course so what we will do now is as much as possible depending on the the rhetorical tools that are available to us which will be discussing rhetoric no separation or intergroup separation instead what we will have is hopefully it will result to a multicultural identity with co-cultural or dominant vulnerable selves meaning we don't just see ourselves as distinctly different but because of our conversations with them we get to hear hear their side so in that sense we get a more holistic understanding so now when we communicate even if you still don't agree with their side but because you are now able to understand them then now you are able to tweak or change a little bit of your of your of your rhetoric end goal of this one why we want to to discourse with other people and consider other people and the unequal painful that we have is to be able to see that common ground so it could be all about trying to look for the common ground trying to see where we could both stand you know we all have different ideologies but if you could find the perfect spot where we could both communicate without fighting or quarreling with each other then it would be a successful communication so there hopefully you learn something a little more than the concepts of identity bottom line here is that if you really want to be upians no who have good identity snap something we can be proud of it is all about looking at yourself understanding yourself having a healthy view of yourself but at the same time we do not lose touch from our surroundings why because we have to be grounded in social reality if we know our social realities if we know what other people are going through and we are able to communicate with them and sometimes from their perspective then it could result to more successful and effective communication thank you