 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. We continue studying Hal Sandhi or the consonant Sandhi. Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi that replaces a Hal. A Hal is a consonant. We stated that broadly Hal Sandhi can be classified into namely Ekastanika Ekadesha and Ekastanika Divyadesha. Ekastanika Ekadesha is one substituent replaced by one substitute and Ekastanika Divyadesha is one substituent replaced by two substitutes. Ekastanika Ekadesha is further classified into two Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha and also Paranemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. This we have to explicitly say primarily because of the use of instrumental case in order to indicate the environment which happens only in the Hal Sandhi. In the Ach Sandhi the environments are clearly shown by the fifth case and the seventh case only. So Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha and Paranemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha are the other types of Ekastanika Ekadesha. So far we have been studying some examples of Purva Paranemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. Now in this lecture we shall turn our attention once again to an instance of Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. Remember we have studied instances of Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha right at the beginning of the treatment of Hal Sandhi namely in the sutras Stohashtra Naas Chuhu and Shtuna Shtuhu. Now this is once again coming up primarily because there is this Purva Savarna Sandhi which can be classified under this particular classification Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. This is diagrammatically represented in this manner where B plus A is the input, B is the left hand side environment followed by A and this A is substituted by C. This B is Purva and this is a nimitta. This is one sthani and this is one adesha. So Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. So B plus A is the input and the output generated is B plus C. Purva Savarna Sandhi is an example of this particular Purva Nemittaka Ekastanika Ekadesha. There are two sutras that we shall study in this particular lecture while dealing with the Purva Savarna Sandhi and they are Udhasthasthambhav Purvasya 8461 and then Jaya Honyatarasyaam 8462. Let us first study Udhasthasthambhav Purvasya. This is 8461 and there are three padhas in the sutra. Udha which is 5 slash 1 of Uddh which means immediately after Uddh. Uddh is a preverb or an upasarga. The second padha is sthasthambhav which is 6 slash 2 of stha and stambh. These are the two verbal roots stha as well as stambh and sthasthambhav means in place of stha and stambh. Purvasya is 6 slash 1 of Purva. Here 6 slash 1 indicates the meaning of. So Purvasya means of Purva that is of earlier or the previous element. The word Savarnaha 1 slash 1 is continued from Anaswarasya I Parasavarnaha and Savarnaha stands for homogeneous sound which is the substitute. Something peculiar happens in this particular sutra where the word Savarna which is part of a compound Parasavarnaha mentioned in the previous sutra is continued. So from within a compound only one component or the constituent is continued in this particular sutra 8461 and so the sutra has just Purvasya and Savarnaha is continued from the previous sutra. This is something peculiar. Having put all these meanings together the meaning of the particular sutra we get is the following. Immediately after ud substitute the homogeneous of the previous sound in place of stha and stambh. I repeat immediately after ud substitute the homogeneous of the previous sound that is the in place of stha and stambha. Similarly we have another example ud plus stambhana of this same sutra. Here we have ud where the comes at the end of the pada followed by the verbal root stambha and so udha stha stambha Purvasya applies over here and substitutes the initial consonant sir by the Savarnaha the homogeneous of the Purva that is this dha. We arrive at this particular conclusion with the help of the Paribhasha Adeparasya which we discussed earlier as well while deriving Uthana. So this gets substituted by the homogeneous of this dha which is thha. So we have ud plus thha stambhana as the next step in the derivation process. Now here because of the environment of this thha this thha gets substituted by thha and then because of this thha this dha gets substituted by thha. So we have three takaras. Now we apply the sutra Jharojhari Savarnaya because of which this second takara gets zero substitution or optionally deleted. So we have Uttambhana with three takaras or Uttambhana with two takaras as the derived output of this particular sutra. Now let us study the next sutra Jhajohonetrasyam. This is 8462. This sutra has got three padas Jhajaha which is 5 slash 1 of Jhaj and Jhaj is consonants 1, 2, 3, 4 the columns 1, 2, 3, 4 and Jhajaha means immediately after Jhajaha is 6 slash 1 of her which means in place of sound her. Annyatrasyam means optionally. The words Savarnaha 1 slash 1 of Savarna which is homogeneous sound and Purvasya 6 slash 1 of Purva of earlier or previous they are continued from the previous sutra and so the meaning of the sutra is the following. Immediately after Jhaj in place of sound her substitute the homogeneous sound of the previous that is Jhaj optionally. I repeat immediately after Jhaj and Jhaj is columns 1, 2, 3, 4 of the consonants in place of sound her substitute the homogeneous sound of the previous that is Jhaj that is columns 1, 2, 3, 4 of the consonants class consonants optionally. So, this particular meaning can be expressed in the form of an equation in the following way. We have Jhaj plus her where her is the substitute and Jhajohonetrasyam applies and generates the output in the form of Jhaj plus consonant 4. This is optionally done. So, Jhaj plus her is another output that is generated. Now, when we say consonant 4 in place of her there is a reason and this reason is the proximity in terms of the prayatna, the baiha prayatna. Now, if we compare the baiha prayatna of the Jhaj consonants as well as her we find that the only consonant that matches or comes close to the prayatna of her is the fourth consonant and that is what is stated in this line quoted here. So, her has got the baiha prayatnas namely Ghosha, Nadha and Sambhara and also Mahapraana. Now, amongst the four class consonants only the fourth one matches with these baiha prayatnas. So, in the Kavarga only Ghas has got Ghosha, Nadha, Sambhara as well as Mahapraana as the baiha prayatna. So, in place of this her, Ghas or Jhas or Dhas or Dhas or Bhhas will be the substitute. This is the guiding principle. Now, these are the Jhaj sounds where we have consonants column one, class consonants column two, class consonants column three and class consonants column four. This is how they were mentioned C one, two, three and four. So, when Jhaj appears over here followed by her in the Samhita mode this her is replaced by the Savaarana of these four. So, now there has to be one amongst these four which matches this her and that is what we said earlier. The only consonant among these four that matches with this her in terms of the baiha prayatnas is this Gha, C four. Gha, Jha, Dha, Dha and Bhha. Only this matches and that is the reason why her is substituted by the fourth letter of the class consonants Gha, Jha, Dha, Dha and Bhha respectively in these respective environments. We also note that these four consonants Gha, Gha, Gha, Gha they get replaced by the third of their class Gha, Jha, Dha, Dha and Bhha. We have the sutra Jhalam, Jaswante applying and there are three letters in this particular sutra Jhalam which is six three of Jhal all consonants minus semi vowels and consonant five and Jhalam means in place of Jhal. Jasah is one three of Jash which is the third consonant of the class. Jasah means substitute Jash. Ante is seven slash one of Anta which means at the end. Anta means end. Ante means at the end. Pada shes continued from 8, 116. Pada shes six slash one of Pada which means of the Pada. So, the meaning of this sutra is at the end of the Pada Jhal is substituted by Jash. Jhal that is all consonants minus semi vowels and consonant five column five is substituted by Jash that is column three. We go back and so we see that these four they are also part of Jhal and they appear at the end of a Pada and then they get substituted by the third column that is this gh, j, r, d and b. So, we have as the input Jhalam Jaswante applies and substitutes these four by the third namely gh and Jhayohunya Tarasyam applies and substitutes this her by the fourth class consonant namely gh. So, the output generated is gh plus gh. Then we have jha, jha, jha plus her as the input Jhalam Jaswante applies and substitutes all these four by the third namely jha and Jhayohunya Tarasyam applies and substitutes this her by jha. So, the output generated is jha plus jha. Then we have tathada dha as the environment followed by her and these tathada dha sounds get substituted by dha and this her is substituted by the fourth class consonant namely dha as the output. Then we have tathada dha plus her as the input tathada dha are substituted by the third namely dha and her is substituted by the Purvasavarna that is the fourth class consonant that is dha. So, we have dha plus dha as the output. Similarly, pappabha plus her is the input and pappabha is substituted by the third class consonant namely bha and her is substituted by the fourth class consonant that is bha. So, we get the output bha plus bha. These outputs are optional and what it means is that the gha substitution is optional and so we can get gha plus her as the optional output. So, here are the specific examples. First, gha plus her as the input and the output generated is gha plus gha optionally. So, we have look plus hali where kha comes at the end of this tathada followed by her at the beginning of this tathada and so this kha is substituted by gha so we have look plus hali. Now, this her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna which will be gha. So, we get look plus gali finally look gali. Similarly, ik plus her and this is a compound so both are padas. So, this kha will be substituted first by gha and then this her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna of gha which is gha. So, we have ik plus gha ik gha. Then we have vagh plus hari and here we have gha being substituted by gha so we get vagh plus ghari vaghari. Similarly, we have gha plus her and this gha is substituted by gha and so we get gha plus her first and then this her gets substituted by gha which is the Purvasavarna and so we get gha gha gha. Then we have the examples of chha chha chha chha plus her as the input and the output generated by the sutra jhaya honyatrasyam is jha plus jha optionally which means that the optional output would be jha plus her. So, the examples are ach plus hall this is also mentioned by Panini in one of his sutras not jhalau. So, here we have chha plus her first this chha will be substituted by jha by jhalam jashonte and then this her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna which in this case is jha and so we have ach plus jhal as the output. Finally, we get ach jhal as the derived output this is optionally derived so optionally we will also get ach plus hall then we have ach plus her here chha is followed by her and so this chha by the application of the sutra jhalam jashonte will be substituted by jha. So, we have ach plus her as the output then this her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna which in this case is jha and so we will get the desired output ujjha similarly when we have ruj plus hana jha is followed by her so this her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna ruj plus jhaana finally ruj jhaana then we have dha dha dha plus her as the input and the sutra jhaohonyatrasyam applies and the output generated is dha plus dha this is the optionally generated output which means that as the other option the output would be dha plus her here are the examples tut plus hina this is the input where t appears at the end of this first powder her appears at the beginning of the second powder this is a compound so there is some hita mode which is obligatory and so jhaohonyatrasyam will apply and before that jhalam jashonte will also apply so first this t is substituted by dha so we have tut plus hina as the output and then jhaohonyatrasyam applies and substitutes this her by the Purvasavarna which in this case is dha so we get tut plus dhina and tut dhina as the output generated this is optional so optionally we will have tut plus hina next we have ut plus hina and this th is substituted by dha first jhalam jashonte so we have ul plus hina as the output this becomes an input for jhaohonyatrasyam and this her then gets substituted by the Purvasavarna of dha which is in this case dha so we have ud plus dhina and so we get the output generated namely uddhina this is optional so the other output that will be generated is uddhina similarly we have lid plus hasa as the input and this dha is the environment in which this her will now be substituted by the Savarna of dha which in this case is dha so we get the output lid plus dhasa lid dhasa this is optional so optionally we will also generate lidha so next we have tathadha plus her as the input and jhaohonyatrasyam applies and the output generated is the plus dha optionally and the optional output would be dha plus her as well so we have ith plus hetu and th will be first substituted by dha so we have id plus hetu then this becomes the input for jhaohonyatrasyam where her is substituted by the Purvasavarna of dha which in this case is dha so we have the output generated id plus dhaetu iddhaetu this is optional so the optional output generated would be iddhaetu similarly kath plus heena th will be first substituted by dha so we have kath plus heena as the output which becomes an input for jhaohonyatrasyam which substitutes this her by the Purvasavarna which in this case is dha and so the output generated would be kadd and dheena that is kaddheena this is optional so the other output that will be generated would be kaddheena then we have padd plus hati padd plus hati where her will be substituted by the Purvasavarna of this dha by the application of the sutra jhaohonyatrasyam and so now the output generated would be padd plus dhati that is paddhati this is optional so optionally we will also get padd plus hati padd hati then we have yudh plus heena where dha will be first substituted by dha by dhalam jashonte so we have yudh plus heena as the output which becomes an input for jhaohonyatrasyam which replaces this her by the and so we get the output yudh plus dheena so yudh dheena this is optional so we will also get yudh plus heena yudh heena as the output generated lastly we have pur pur pur pur pur plus her as the input and the output generated is pur plus pur optionally so optionally we will also have pur plus her as the output generated. Here are the examples first we have gupp plus has pur is substituted by pur first by the application of the sutra jhalam jashonte so we have gupp plus has now this her will be substituted by the purva sabarana sabarana of b which in this case is bha so the output generated by the application of the sutra jhaohonyatrasyam would be gupp bhas that is gupp bhas this is optional so optionally we will also have gupp has then we have tuf plus her and first f is substituted by bha by the application of the sutra jhalam jashonte and then this becomes an input for the sutra jhaohonyatrasyam so this her will now be replaced by the purva sabarana which in this case is the sabarana of bha which is bha so we will have tub plus bha as the output generated which is tub bha this is optional so the optional output generated would be tub her similarly tub plus her now here her will be substituted by the purva sabarana of bha which is bha so we will have tub bha the output generated this is optional so the other optional output would be tub her and finally rib plus has this bha is substituted by bha first by the application of the sutra jhalam jashonte so we will have rib plus has then this becomes an input for jhaohonyatrasyam which substitutes this her by the purva sabarana of bha which is bha in this case so we will have rib plus bha that is rib bha as the output generated this is optional so the other optional output generated would be rib haas to summarize we studied the purva sabarana sandhi with some details the meaning of the sutras the anuvruti the words continued from the previous sutra etc we studied the examples the template ones first and the specific ones later on these examples especially of jhaohonyatrasyam are not found at all levels there is redundancy as far as the mention of the sounds is concerned because 8239 applies in almost all the cases of 8462 first and so the number of substitute events gets reduced to only one this is an important feature of this purva sabarana sandhi we continue to study some more instances of the her sandhi in the coming lectures thank you for your patience