 Good morning all. We're under a great deal of time pressure because I'm sure that all of you want to be able to enjoy the discussions over lunch and luncheon as well. So if we can get this one on the road as quickly as possible, that'll be a great advantage. I think one of the most interesting things about the whole of this world policy conference and congratulations again to Thierry and the whole of the team in terms of having reached this remarkable milestone of this being the tenth conference, has been that right from the beginning, from the message from His Majesty Muhammad VI, right at the beginning of this program until the session on the European Union just a few minutes ago, we've heard the message over and over again about the centrality of Africa in the global discourse, on the importance of incorporating Africa not only into Morocco's perspective of its center of gravity in the global landscape, but in the context of Europe's relationships and in the context of the entire system of global governance. What we're going to try and do this morning is get an African perspective on how to realize that particular vision of Africa playing its proper role both in the context of global development and global advancement and in the context of global governance. And we have an absolutely extraordinary team in a certain sense for this purpose. We have two former prime ministers. We have a former minister of finance and the economy. And we have a former minister of foreign affairs who has been engaged in a significant amount of conflict mediation and conflict resolution across the continent. So every dimension of the developmental narrative is actually present on this panel. Everyone here has had to deal with the challenges of development. Some have had to deal with the challenges of resolving conflicts to enable development to take place in its aftermath. And we have a variety of perspectives, two from Senegal, one from Benin, and one from our host country of Morocco. So without any more, I'm going to pass it over to our panelists to be able to give you an appropriate perspective in respect of this challenge. And may I turn firstly to Nisar Baraka, who is currently the chairman of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council of Morocco and a former minister of finance and the economy. Nisar. The continent is leading in a resolute direction towards prosperity. It quickly transforms itself into its own model and diversifies its partnerships today. Thus, it draws an African of alternatives and not constraints. And it is on this phrase that I would like, from the experience of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council, from the work that we have done to bring a gap of what could be, in fact, this development that we call upon all of us and we all work for its implementation. Today, it is clear that Africa has to take up several challenges. The challenge of stability and security, which is a major challenge. The challenge of considering Africa as a whole, and not that of fragmentation, so beyond the logic of fragmentation. The demographic challenge, we must know that Africa will double its population between 2017 and 2050. And what constitutes, in fact, it is a first in the history of the world that a continent can double its population in such a short time, with how to make sure that this demographic acceleration is translated by a loophole for the continent and not an infarct, which will have to go beyond. Without talking, of course, of other challenges, especially related to climate change. We have seen that Africa was the continent that went beyond the effects of climate change and, of course, the challenge of shared prosperity. So, to do this, without leaving, and as a council, we have worked on, at the request of the sovereign, on a vision that consists in saying that today, if we really want to achieve, in the case of Morocco, I am talking about the experience of Morocco, an emergency, we must enter into a logic of global wealth, which integrates the material and the immaterial, and which really allows us to ensure durability and, at the same time, the necessary acceleration to achieve these objectives. And in the framework of our continent, I would like to quickly remind you of a number of basic principles that would really allow us to achieve these objectives. The first is to rely on the natural capital that we have, and Africa actually has the potential to do so, but while looking at what this exploration of these natural resources does in a sustainable way, and above all, and this is the essential point, to make sure that the recipes and the revenue issued of natural resources are invested in the human capital, in governance, in the strengthening of solidarity, to ensure this perinization and this future growth. The second step is the product capital, it is how to make sure that we make a real effort to catch up on the infrastructure plan, and I would put the accent, of course, to everything that has been to favor this mesh and mobility on the one hand, but also to make sure that we can have a real effort to catch up on the level of electricity. France has put the accent above during COP21, Morocco has even more support in COP22 by putting the accent on renewable energies, but above all by making sure that there is a real interconnection between the different countries and within the countries to really allow for more investment and above all to ensure the necessary development that we would like to have. Without talking about a second, another pillar that is essential at the level of the product capital, it is obviously the food security. Africa has enormous potential, 70% of the Arab lands are in Africa. Africa can become a pioneer for the world as soon as it is inscribed, I would say, in this logic. And then, of course, there is the fact of integrating in the world economy with an integration in the networks and in the world value chains to take advantage of the shared competitiveness that we could have, but together, and at the same time, to seize the opportunities of creating jobs and value creation and also to ensure the economic efficiency that we need. The second pillar, the third pillar, is the natural capital and the product capital that I talked about quickly. There is also the capital of human resources. Africa is a young continent with a youth and an active population that will grow much faster than the population. And this youth needs to be formed, especially since we are in a world where we know very fast mutations, in the case of the economy of knowledge, in the case of the smart economy, in the case of this collaborative economy that has ultimately changed our production systems and our working relations. So there is a need to ensure this necessary training and means in terms of education and health so that this population and this capacity to adapt and finally integrate into the new, I would say, development models to come. The fourth pillar is, I would say, the governance of the institutional, the state of law, but also more efficiency of public spending. And at the same time, I must also say, to have an environment where things are more attractive and above all fight against corruption and give vision, visibility and vision of the future because economic operators are not going to come to a country if they don't know what will happen in the future. So, an economic governance and a global, democratic and economic governance are more efficient. And finally, I would also talk about an essential point and which is, in fact, the social capital. And when I talk about social capital, it is to reduce inequalities, a better share of wealth and more social cohesion to be able to achieve this. And I would add, because we are talking about a continent and we are talking about the African continent of another capital, which is the capital integration. Our continent is one of the least integrated continents. We have, certainly, regional groups, but globally, the exchanges that we have at the level of the continent are around 12%, a continental trend, when for Asia, we are more than 50%, for America, we are more than 46%, and for, of course, the European Union, we are 60% and 70%. So today, there is a huge potential of the gold we are investing in exchanges. Obviously, the North Africa remains the poor parent with the Algerian border, a Moroccan border that is still closed, and which makes the exchanges not exceed 3%. And so this explains, by the way, that Morocco wants to enter the CDAO and to be able to participate in this integration logic. But the goal is how to integrate the whole of our continent. And Mr. Zanzou, who works in this sense, in fact, I think it's the real Paris that will really allow us to have an endogenous transition that will bring Africa and that will really make Africa the mastermind of its destiny, in an horizon, of course, of implication and integration with the different partners. And God knows that there is a huge potential and that the European Union has put in place a fund of 44 billion euros of investment for Africa, which can reach up to 88 billion, which is also China, which is the main investor in Africa with 36 billion euros. So there is also a potential for the United States that is signed and that develops in Africa. So there is a real possible partnership as soon as we define our priorities. To conclude, I would like to say that Morocco, in its policy, is signed in this integrated vision and acts on the plan of human capital and knowledge through what we do in terms of education, but also in terms of spirituality, in terms of accompaniment. We act on security with the Moroccan Peace Force which is present everywhere in Africa. We act on the economy with the Moroccan investments and the second African investor in Africa with 5% of investment, so ideas in Africa carried out by Morocco in different sectors that also carry economic development. And we also do it on the capital, I would say, natural, with everything that is done in terms of food security and electrification, so renewable. Thank you very much. I'm going to save time by going directly through all of the speakers. So I'm going to come then to our second speaker who is, of course, Sheikh Didiangadio, who is a former Foreign Minister of Senegal, who is currently the President of the Institute of Pan-African Studies and who, as I said earlier, has a great amount of experience in conflict mediation and resolution. Dear. Thank you very much. I would like to greet our friend Thierry and wish him and wish him a good 10th anniversary. And tell him that the good people don't have the right to retreat. So we're going to meet again for several dozen years to continue the work. Africa, for me, is a continent that is relatively poorly dealt with from the point of view of manicheism with which Africa is bordered. For some, everything goes wrong, for others, everything goes well or everything starts to go well. I think we need to try to put the cursor maybe in the middle. There are things that go well, that go much better, but there are things that go even bad, even very, very bad. This morning, I was listening to Radio France International, it wasn't part of my contribution, and I hear three extremely interesting news. The first, we are informed that the soldiers of Barhan in Mali, in the northern Mali, were cut down by very generous young people, they were cut down by 15 million French people, about 30,000 dollars, to dig a well into villages. And they say that these villages go 20 to 25 kilometers to look for water. And that children can't be educated, can't go to school, because you have to do at least five to six kilometers to have access to water, which means that these children can't go to school. And we remember that a third of the Mali people didn't have access to water. I said, here is a concrete question of the development of Africa. We have to ask serious questions, after 60 years of independence, should we be there? Or a third of the population of the Mali people who are two thirds of the Mali people, the Mali people, two thirds, a third of this population didn't have access to water. And it seems very concrete to me. Second information, we are told that in Kinshasa, we collect 9,000 tons of waste per day, and that it is the European Union that gives 9 million dollars a year to finance the property of Kinshasa. This is a problem in the country called the RDC, potentially the richest country in the world, whether it is the European Union that takes care of the sanitation, the ramassage of the waste in Kinshasa, and it is better to add that now we think about privatization. So after 60 years of independence, this is where we are in relation to this question. Now the good news, is that we are talking about the Ivory Coast and a project called the finance engagement and where, indeed, African financiers in Ivory Coast help the PMs who constitute about 80% of the private sector. What is interesting is that Africa helps Africa. Africa comes from Africa to the inside, rather than what we usually hear as a discourse. All this to make me say that I think that to love and respect the African continent is to tell him the truth, if we are outside, and to tell him the truth if we are African. It seems to me that it is not going to work on many aspects. Yesterday, the FD's boss said it was interesting that Africa is at $2,500 billion of GDP. $2,500 billion. I was sitting in the room, I was a little surprised. I understand that he observed constant progress and that it was at the same time that I compared Africa with South Korea, which in 1960 made $3 billion of GDP which today is about $1,500 billion of GDP. That is to say, the total of 25 African countries in some had a GDP higher than South Korea in 1960. Nigeria was at $4.2 billion of GDP in 1960. South Korea was at $3.2 billion. So I think it is not acceptable that a country like South Korea goes on the same basis, perhaps even with less resources than African countries. And that after 60 years, we are told that Africa totally made $2,500 billion and South Korea made $1,500 billion. It is very good that Morocco joins the CDAO and brings only $100 billion of its GDP added to what we already have at the CDAO level. But I hope that Morocco's arrival will also help the CDAO's global function and that we can also see what Morocco brings, experiences and others, and what the CDAO can offer and the internal reflection that the CDAO must bring. A CDAO, a united regional community, politically. Because that is where the Babless is. We do everything to avoid the political unity and we get into economic integration stories. For 40 or 45 years, we have been doing economic integration. The result is 12% to 14% of the CDAO exchange, where Asia is now almost 60%. Europe, we are not talking about it, we are beyond 66%. It is not going, we have to change the paradigm. And to change the paradigm, I question those who think that we must absolutely continue what I call the solitaire chevroches of the African states. And someone who assisted at the top of the U.S. in 1963, and who can not be suspected of being an extremist. It is a cultured man, a very moderate man, who is called Bashir Ben-Yahmet, from Africa. He said about two weeks ago something absolutely extraordinary and confirms that those who defend the unity and integration of Africa are absolutely right. Bashir said, and I quote him, it is one of these at all, if you are African or if you do not, you are interested in the place of Africa in the world, you can think that this continent should not be, excuse me, that was a big one, but now as it is written, a smaller one. I was pretending to have good eyes. Okay, so you can think that this continent should not be transcended in 54 states that are independent and where many are not viable. Africa could have become, at the start of India, a federal state. One and the other are comparable to the population, the GDP, the number of ethnic languages and groups. This country that would be called, that would be called the United States of Africa, would have regrouped into an autonomous state federation, the independent state of today. It would then have built the third state of the world by the population after China and India that it would surpass in the next two decades. Its economy would have been the fourth after that of China, the United States and India. This dream state would have produced 75% of the platinum, 55% of the diamond and 20% of the extra gold in the world. No other country would have equaled the United States and Africa for the wealth of its underground. And it would conclude my dream sessions and look at it like this, et cetera. So I do not want to stop dreaming. I continue to think that we have to continue. It is not a dream, it is an objective because it is a question of survival that is put into Africa with the security challenge. Terrorism is moving towards Africa to make our continent the center of world terrorism. With Al-Shabaab, with Boko Haram, with Al-Qaeda, and Boko Haram in 2014-2015 has made more victims of civil populations than Daesh. But as Daesh interests the West and some countries for different reasons, very close to oil and others, Boko Haram does not have much interest, but Boko Haram does much more massacres. And Africa is threatened. The whole area of the Sahel is a permanent dustbin. Beyond these questions, we do not have the means for an adequate response. You have seen all the debate of the G5 Sahel on how to put in place African special forces to defend the continent. We are looking for the means a little everywhere and certain partners are very, very bad at this question. That is why we have proposed, and I am concluding, that is why we have proposed that we have to go to the G5 more than five. Because at first, we had found it abnormal that a country like Senegal, which can bring a lot to the G5, has not been invited. But we go beyond this debate and do it today. The current G5, plus Senegal, plus Morocco, which has an extraordinary experience in terms of teaching, intelligence and others, plus Algeria, which is the only country in the world for the moment to have won the domestic terrorism in the 90s, and which has a great experience, plus Nigeria, which for the North is Sahelian, with the Boko Haram problem, plus Cameroon, which is a regional power. These five plus five would have simply financed the G5 of Sahel without the need to go and ask them a little everywhere. Africa controls conflicts, completely extraordinary, and we need innovative solutions. You have to find innovative solutions. Eritrea is a problem. We ask ourselves a thousand questions about what is going on in Eritrea. Somalia is a problem. The RDC, since 1960, has not had a repute. The Burundi today, the RCA today, you take all these countries, you realize that Africa must raise the security challenges, which are under the form of terrorism, criminal economy, human trafficking, drug trafficking, which is also under the form of migration, which is the largest tragedy experienced by Africans. When we talk about migration, we think about Europe. The biggest tragedy experienced by Africans is today having this massive hemorrhage of our youth, which is our main goal, and which we will lose in the sea and in the desert. They will drown, they will die in the desert. And that was the main goal of Africa. So Africans and their friends, it is time to change the paradigm and to think again about how to save this continent. Thank you. Really, thank you very much. This is the advantage of combining passion with experience in the context of addressing challenges. Our third speaker, and one of our most distinguished, is of course the former prime minister of Senegal, who also had a distinguished career at the United Nations before assuming that particular role. And she too is going to speak about changing paradigms and changing narratives, as you will. Thank you very much. Going to have a different tone from my very good friend, minister Gadio. I'm a nafro optimist. So I'm starting by saying that many good news come from the continent. According to the IMF, the sub-Saharan Africa is now the second fastest-growing region in the world, trailing only Asia. As per emerging market private equity association latest survey of institutional investors, sub-Saharan Africa is poised to see the greatest increase in the new private equity commitment across the emerging market over the years, the coming years, and the coming out Brazil, China, India as the most attractive destination for deals. Third good news, according to the Africa Development Bank, one third of the continent is considered middle class, spending between four and $20 a day. By 2060, more than a billion Africans are expected to join them. Africa middle class is mostly urban. Africa urbanization rate is already 37% compared to China and larger than India. Africa will be the fastest urbanized region from 2010, 2020 to 2050. Stability, my good friend talked about the issue we are having, we are acknowledging it, but stability made significant progress in the end of the Cold War. Since then, the number of armed conflict has fallen from more than 30 to about a dozen, the one you cited, even though violence is still a reality, as you said, in South Sudan, some part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or Somalia. Yet, democratic elections are now becoming the norm. We still have some challenges. I was observing the election in Kenya, but good news are also coming out from Senegal, a great country, Ghana, Cabo Verde, Mali, Guinea, and even the Gambia. So I think also democracy is making much progress. We do believe that we have to make African resources work for the African people. Africa is estimated to contain 80% of the entire world's supplies of platinum and colbert, half of the world's gold supplies, two-thirds of the world's manganese, 35% of the world's uranium, 75% of carbon, important mineral for electronic device. Africa has, it was said by the Minister of Morocco, around 600 million hectares of uncultivated arable land, so the future of mankind nutrition might be in our hands. Post-independent born African leaders want to do business differently with the rest of the world, and the bricks are good news for us, as monopoly, as you know, is not good for business and it has not been necessarily good for us. I have a good news, and who doesn't want to hear that? We are young. Africa has the fastest growing and most useful population in the world. Over 40% are under the age of 15 to 20 and we do have 200 million youth in Africa. Of course, it comes with challenges and I think the Minister talked about some of them. But we also have to know that a larger population means a larger working population means more disposable income as more people are able to work per family and leads to improvement of living standard. And a large workforce now and in the future also means more taxpayers, so more money and more funding for government. Yet we agree, and I'll talk about it very quickly, this requires very specific investment from African government. We need to tackle our challenges with our historical resiliency. And we know that. I don't think that never on earth many people have been going through hardship as African, yet we are here and resilient. Economic growth has been not inclusive enough, we agree. And despite a growing middle class, one third of African, way too many Africans still live in absolute poverty. What we need to do in urgent is to develop a continent-wide social safety net program to ensure universal access to health, to education, water, electricity, and decent housing for the African people, including those living in rural areas and who are often left out. What I'm talking about is a social African compact to speak, so to speak. The growth has been associated with increased exploitation of non-renewable natural resources with heavy impact on the soil, water, and forests. We then need to learn from ongoing greening industrialization experience over the world. The African economy are still largely based on raw material extraction, with little to no value in terms of employment creation. So this is also something we really need to look at. But yet, Africa is seeing its diaspora coming back, mostly highly educated young African, movers and shakers venturing in technology, supply change, energy, especially in the solar and the bioenergy. Africa leads the world in mobile adoption, I think it was said yesterday, and we do see opportunities, cross-sectoral businesses opportunities, like mobile banking, virtual education system, etc. Africa services, the services sector, hold tremendous economic promises. In fact, growth in services has been twice than the average rate for the world during the period 2009 to 2012. We do have also to improve, it was said, good governance and to be further accountable to the African people. This entail actively fighting corruption with legal framework and effective institutional anti-corruption bodies, and I have to say, for that also we need to cooperate with the West, with Europe, with America, because usually when the money leaves our national budget, they find their way very much into the Western Bank. We also need to further fight impunity and human right violation. We need to strengthen the rule of law, and we need to improve, and it's very important to insist on that, the participation of youth, because we have a youth bulk of the youth population, women, I talked about it yesterday, and let me tell you that they produce 70% of the food in the continent. So there's no way you want to make headways and progress in the agricultural sector if you don't take into consideration the needs and rights. And we also have to address minorities, as was said, we have to deal with diversity. What we would like to see from the rest of the world as African, and I'm saying it very nicely, we need a better understanding of the rapidly changing reality in Africa. Africa is moving day by day, with less cliché, with no patronising, because we also know that some of the attitudes that are just attitudinal are inherited from the colonial past, so that we have to be conscious of that and fight it because Africa is changing, as I say. There are new and younger African leaders who are very grounded in their own culture, but yet fully conversant with international standards and the international cultures, and a new generation of very educated young African who looked at the world through different lengths, different lengths than their parents. That is maybe what China understands better than many of its competitors in the continent, because they've been colonised, they've been oppressed, so they have more empathy, and they understand maybe more quickly how we may feel. So that is something also our good friend from the western world needs to understand. We also need different business patterns. That's what we expect from our foreign partners with the slogan, fair must be fair. And we do know that in all the deals that we tried to make happen, we were paying much higher, because of insecurity, it is said, even though a country like Senegal is a very peaceful one, and having gone through different processes peacefully, it happened that our loans come most of the time more expensive than any other country. Because Africa has, I believe, the worst public relationship strategy. When we talk about Africa, you move from HIV-Aid and then lately from Ebola, but in between there are so many grateful things that happen in this continent. If you have seen yesterday for those who were at the reception this young lady from Mali, that energy that you saw, that is also what we are feeling and seeing every day in the continent. We also need to build solidarity, to tackle challenges as it was said, such as corruption, as terrorism, as my good friend said, illegal migration, that also hurts us in some point, climate change impact and solidarity in sharing progress. Thank you. APPLAUSE Well, we saved the two prime ministers for the back end of the program precisely in order to be able to one, shift the narrative and two, provide the solutions. So I'm going to turn to our good friend Leonel Zoul to wrap it up. Way to go, Leonel. Thank you very much, Sean. And good morning, all. Good morning, my dear friends. I have discovered that Senegal was an English-speaking country now, so I decided that as a Benin citizen I will speak French. APPLAUSE Thank you very much. Our sister, Aminata, dispenses me to be the first Afro-optimist party, since she gave us the statistical reasons immediate and future to consider that at least there is no suspense about the fact that the potential of the continent is being expressed. And so I thank them, and I am absolutely on the same line. And I also thank the president of the Economic and Social Council, which I also thank in the name of all the participants for the exceptional welcome from Morocco for the third time in this Marrakech conference. I am very impressed. You talked about the division of integration to come. I think it is indeed one of the very, very important motors. You presented it in a slightly dramatic way, saying that we only do 12% of our exchanges between us. And so it is not a bit of part of Africa. The East Africa goes very fast. It is a bit above 20%. The West Africa of the U.S. also progresses quite quickly. It is a bit above 15%. And we must have in mind that the whole continent represents 3% of the whole of the flows of import and export of the world. So when we do 20% between us for a continent that is 3% of the world trade, we are already in surponderation compared to what we represent. But one thing that struck me in our three discourses, of our colleagues, is still the extraordinary effects of volume on Africa that must be in mind. You insisted on a billion, 200 million inhabitants who will become billions. That is to say, what Europe has done in a century, the 18th century, to double it, in a generation, no one has ever done it. China has never done it. So there are effects of volume that are extraordinary. We add a country per year. We are 55, but every year, we add 25 million of our children and we add, basically, a Senegal plus a Mauritania plus a Gambia every year. There, where Europe is reduced to 2, 3 Slovenia per year. So, you see, our geography is dynamic, but the volumes are quite surprising. The 2,500 billion that you commented, dear Tidian, in purchasing power, in the summer of purchasing power, we have to multiply them by a factor 3. We are in front of something that is, in fact, a dynamic and so I greet the president of the AfD, who developed this theme. We are still in front of a dynamic that expressed in purchasing power and not just in current exchange rate, and yet a very, very important volumetric reality. But what I would like to insist on is on the fact that this African development is much more endogenous than what we usually believe. For example, the direct flows of investment are fundamental, qualitatively, and even quantitatively. But one in the other, it represents 5% of the GDP of the continent per year. The continent is after Asia, and far ahead of Europe, and obviously Japan, and even more obviously the United States, a continent of strong savings and strong investment. We invest in savings, in Africa, more than in all other continents except Asia. And the average rate of investment in businesses and public investments in Africa is 25% of the GDP. So you have to report these 5% of annual flows of direct foreign investment to the total of the investment, which is 25% of the GDP. The savings in Africa, it is endogenous, investment is endogenous, growth is at 75% even in all other economies, by internal consumption, investments in companies and administrations, but massively investments. And so we are, in front of a growth very largely in debt. And we saw, after the 2008-2009 crisis, when Europe fell again in the second semester of 2011 until the end of the first semester of 2013 in recession, it progressed, having been the least affected of the continents by the 2008-2009 crisis, and it progressed at a level of added value, of GDP, regularly in 2010, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, until the oil crisis. So I would still have to insist on the fact that this endogenous is very largely decoupled, including the conjunction of Europe, because it is the first buyer, the first supplier, the first investor, and the first owner of our migrants, which are a very important force of importation of ePARNs. A point that is not to be forgotten. Yes, Africa needs external ePARNs, however, the three-quarters of the ePARNs that it mobilizes are first Afro-African ePARNs. It needs external ePARNs. This external ePARN comes from almost the same flows as the public development of these migrants. It is very important as a contribution. The remittances today are very, very important. I'm talking about the Maroc city, where it is a particularly important part of the GDP. And it is not to be forgotten in the external ePARNs, there are ePARNs of our migrants and the fundamental role of our diasporas which we have observed in China and which is an extremely active role and very important. There is this ePARN which is both domestic and from the outside and which is very, very important for us. So what I would like to say is that it is first of all an endogenous phenomenon. It is important to keep it in mind. But as we all were responsible for the execution, even for me in a very ephemeral way, we have in common a number of problems. We do not know the market of work because the 25 million children who are born to us do not know how to make them return 20 years later on the market of work. And we do not know. In Senegal, we say it is the fault of Aminata. In Benin, we say it is the fault of Lionel Zinso, of Tomaya Iboni. I do not know what we say in Maroc. In fact, it is all the governments and very little intensive work. The sectors and that is why we need, as the Director General of the AFD, that the system of public health, especially the multilateral system which is threatened by the American abstention. That is for us a very serious problem that we will feel at the World Bank, at the BAD, the fact that the United States believes in multilateralism. It will be very important that we have a chance, probably, for Europeans. But if you want, a very important thing is that we have more intensive needs in capital than any continent in the world. Because agriculture consumes more capital in terms of coefficient compared to the figures made. Followed by energy, followed by water, followed by all infrastructures. So, by definition, all the art we invest in Africa and that is how Senegal has 7% of growth. The Benin has 5% of growth all the years, since a certain number of years, and that we do not create net jobs for our young people at 7% of growth, whereas a country like France creates them at 1.5% of growth. Why? Because France has a model that is rich in employment and we have a model that is of capital and very poor in employment that creates all our infrastructures. I'm done here, Mr. President. We have a unique model where growth does not solve our employment problems. Can you imagine what would be an absolute overheating Europe that would have 7% of growth in Senegal? Can you imagine even an Europe that would have 5% of growth in Benin? And I'm not talking about 8.5% of Ghana and the Ivory Coast and Ethiopia. We have a growth without employment that will demand an extremely targeted policy on entrepreneurship and on the transformation of the informal into something more productive. A model to invent because growth without employment is our common water. We also have a problem of urbanization that is completely extraordinary because when Europeans and even China have a big growth factor they empty their campaigns and they fill their cities. We are going to create an Europe within Africa in one generation. We are going to add 500 million of urban. It's just as if we had to take an Europe and then install it as urban. And at the same time we are going to have campaigns that are more and more popular because at our demographic level we have both a very strong urbanization a rural exodus that can pose political and social problems of stability and campaigns that fill much more than in the past. They don't empty themselves. And so we have ensured a master urbanization and a balanced urban city in which you have to understand that the pressure is more and more strong in these sectors where there is no electricity no access to water no access to certain social and fundamental infrastructures. And that's why I think that Shertidian is slightly more pessimistic than Amunata and me because he takes care of peace and security. And so our model of very strong non-inclusive growth that still requires a lot of imagination to solve these problems of a rural economy of a labor market of a reduction of poverty that is not done our model is politically and socially dangerous. It is not economically dangerous. If you want to enrich yourself by sleeping place yourself in Africa in the market, in the real estate in the huge sectors in the good consumption, in the construction materials in the economy. But we have a political and social suspense because our model spontaneously does not solve any of our social problems if we do not make policies extremely adapted to this particular constraint. Right. I think the narrative has changed I think that the panelists have succeeded in making clear from the perspective of partnership seen from Europe seen from Asia seen from the United States there is far more opportunity than risk. Just one parenthetical observation before I open it up all to you think a little bit about how much value was destroyed in the global financial crisis between 2008 and 2011 and ask how much money had been lost in Africa under any conceivable circumstance. So our appreciation of risk in these frameworks is often badly skewed as several of the panelists have already made clear. But let me open it up now please usual rules identify yourself, indicate if you wish to address a question to a particular panelist, keep it short we've got 12 minutes left and we'll get responses as well. I'm going to take the three I can see in front of me, notably because there are two women among them. Is the microphone on? It's on, okay now it's on. I'm Amanda Mati from South Africa I'm here as a digital matriarch I have a couple of questions in terms of the political leadership of Africa that we're currently facing at what point do we begin to bridge the conversation of youth in the political space and political discussion and policy making discussions and this is across to all panelists then specifically I wanted to look specifically at how do public and private partnerships for Senegal and each of the countries represented work and how have they benefited the mass populace? Super just pass it on I'm going to take all three of them. Hello thank you everyone I'm Afi from Nigeria my question was around the development story that my generation will essentially inherit so the jobless growth that was mentioned the issue of mono cities that many of the countries deal with in terms of mega cities but how do we build out tertiary or secondary or tertiary cities and what are those kind of strategies that our generation can engage with various other generations to try to answer some of those issues that we will be inheriting in the next 20-50 years I'm going to keep it going I'm Megashith Lee from Israel and I have a question about the leadership in Africa how come that so many leaders which in the final term they finish as a billionaires it shows you that in Africa a lot of things cannot be done without paying off I have friends who work in Africa nobody of them can work without paying off to leaders politicians and others show me a good leader we have a slogan that says that the fish stink from the head all you need in Africa in every country is a good and honest leader it will be one person over there which will really use the possibility and the potential of Africa Africa will change upside down I don't believe that contribution from the world I believe that you should make it yourself it's much more better to use the emotion and the possibility and the growth that you have in Africa in order to develop your countries in order to make a progress compared to the rest of the world thank you we are correcting the entire gender imbalance of the whole conference in one session I'm very impressed thank you Mr President Christine de Souch Parian I thank all the panelists if I hold a not a general conclusion but two orators at least Prime Minister Sinsou and Minister Gadio have finally advanced the fact that we needed a change of paradigm a change of model, an invention for the questions that have been applied, growth and also on the most political and security issues finally do you have the opportunity or do you have the impression that the politicians as well as national at the level of the African Union take into consideration these proposals it's the first of the things secondly we talked about relations between the European Union and Africa at the moment we are talking about the the X edition of the partnership strategic European Union at the end of November I think it's been 10 years several editions in the end Europe already had the opportunity to hear the African leaders I would say to do their diagnosis and with them try to set up a cooperation whether there are improvements to be brought into these dialogue mechanisms for a cooperation I would say renewed, thank you thank you very much and on the side Marie-Roché Bilois, Millennium Club thank you for this fascinating panel the question that I want to ask was a little evoked in filigree when we align the usual figures on the potential of Africa it's always very impressive but when you talk about innovation in the paradigm as Christine said I wonder if there isn't a particular chapter to add on the political processes I'm going to explain at some point we and our journal criticized the external will to impose political systems to impose what we call democracy now we have a phase where the Africans themselves complain even more than before not only they complain but I think of the electoral process that is how to say that ends with the violence that is triggered where the citizens have shown themselves that they wanted to have alternatives to their words I think for example Gabon or the political class has done the necessary to participate in an electoral process but in the end there is nothing so can we say we want to change Africa needs to change and we say we only talk about figures but we don't talk enough about what can bring change the alternation the renewal of the elites the renewal of the political decision is it always on the side we don't talk enough about the legitimacy in the reflection there is an accent to put on it there is a kind of task force to verify who is this change wanted by the Africans themselves thank you very much we have less than 6 minutes we have 4 people pick a question the one you feel most strongly about and respond to that as briefly and as effectively as you can I have my mic it does work well I'm going to pick up the corruption piece the gentleman I don't know I don't hear well where you're from Israel I think you had also some pretty serious cases there right so this is also what I'm talking about changing the narrative the Africans are corrupts it doesn't work like that I think human beings are corrupt if you don't put up a legal framework to fight corruption the worst cases actually don't come out of Africa the biggest corruption cases I think it was in the US in terms of volumes etc what we have to do and I think I can cite Senegal because I was Minister of Justice is to set up legal framework to combat corruption we have put the law that require every single leader to declare assets when you're in and when you get out we have voted a transparent transparency code for public fundings etc etc and that has to be implemented so we are making progress but the idea that corruption is born and survive in Africa is just a wrong one and part of the narrative we need to change and that's important to say that good pass it to your right yours is connected I think it's good I want to reconcile with my sister and my brother to clarify what's interesting is that sometimes not them but friends who reason like them I treat them as Afro-Pessimists they are Afro-Pessimists why I treat them as Afro-Pessimists not them of course because I know them I think at the limit it's as if there is a fatality so that the pace of development of the continent is there where we are today and we may see where there is light where it works etc I think that Africa should be much more advanced than it is today and the main reason the Prime Minister said that I take care of losing security but I take care of development and I take care of pan-Africanism and African integration and I'm not convinced that our heads of state believe in African integration I gave a lot of examples we don't have time to develop I define myself curiously as someone who sends two adults the Afro-Pessimists and the Afro-Optimists I define myself as an Afro-incondition Afro-incondition for Africa and a kind of permanent revolt against the existence of this continent to its immense potential and to these resources that continue to leave Africa to enrich other countries when we abandoned the Marxism with some friends we had a meeting and we decided that now we were going to be critical realists we were going to abandon the historical material for the benefit of critical realism critical realism is to see what's going on put your finger on what's good why not insist especially on what's not going on Africa doesn't deserve its power if we had a debate on the RDC should the RDC be at the level where it is today that's what my debate is about I said that the African integration that was proposed to us didn't work because as the saying goes a great African servant doesn't want political unity and our leaders don't want political unity so they talk about African integration they accelerate a coup they brake another coup they do everything so that things are almost in the state look at the free circulation of goods and people a lot of problems for our farmers our farmers to cross borders so in total to not be too long I think we need to revisit the development paradigm of Africa Africa should be at the same level as the visionaries leaders who believe in Africa not leaders who spend time to take care of the battle of power to change the constitution to fight to stay in power that's also one of the issues that we should mention last point we haven't talked about it we haven't talked about it we haven't talked about it we haven't talked about it we haven't talked about it what do they think about the agenda in 2063 2063 and a great economist for Africa said that's what we promise 50 years to solve the problems of Africa so Africa is under emergency and he adds we promise a paradise instead of a real development because in 2063 no Africans will be left out all Africans will have electricity electricity, electricity, electricity etc thank you very much Anisar, you can count on us thank you Anisar the question that has been raised today I think as some of my colleagues say here there are two points on which we need to put the accent and I will be very quick the first we can't conceive this Africa that really takes its flight if we don't invest in human capital human capital human capital for me it's the basis of everything and we saw it I'll give you the example of the aeronautics the aeronautics in Morocco saw it the other day because we had a potential and we really had people who were trained and investments came and we were able to create collages and today Morocco is one of the main actors in the matter so from the moment we have a well-formed work we have all the possibilities all the potentiality to go forward the second aspect is that we need to go from the logic of the vacuum to the logic of the focus and today we see it we want to do everything at the same time if we really decide and prioritize and put the accent in the main aspect we can really know the development we need we take the case of the capsule of coffee how much does it come back to Africa 5% only in the capsule of coffee we need to invest on the 95% remaining, the material capital and we have all the attitude to do it thank you very much and Lionel about the anger of Chertidia we need to do the part of history we are not accountable in 2017 of everything that happens to us when we built an economy of Senegalese specialized in arachid what do you want to exchange with an AOMN economy specialized in palm oil but in cotton there is a physical limit in our specialization there is a physical limit in our infrastructure we are in a history of building reformed states that have been delivered in a specialized and rudimentary state we need to do the part of this dynamic we can scandalize scandalize it is not that our leaders do not want to do integration we go faster than the Mercosur at least as fast as the European Union in terms of institutional effort integration and you see companies it was mentioned for Morocco with South Africa also Nigeria to be investors in Africa look at the services it goes even faster than the exchanges which are market exchanges I would like to answer the question about our generation Nigerian sisters and the change of models I think what is interesting today is that it is relatively clear yes, we must be interested in the secondary and tertiary cities because we must get out of the added value 75% in Kotonou, Abidjan or Lagos and find balance territories yes, we must be interested in rural activities which are not only agricultural yes, we must be interested in the informal sector outside of Rwanda, Morocco is one of the rare governments responsible for the inclusion of the entry of the informal sector in modernity which does not necessarily mean in the tax does not necessarily mean in the fiscal harrassment and your generation has surprising chances there are technologies with low marginal cost very adapted to our mass problems and especially the numbering and fortunately there is a strong vitality in the field of the digital economy the field of the digital economy when we observe it in Morocco when we observe it in your country in Nigeria it is about trade it is about stocking for small markets on the cloud of all the elements of accounting supply chain we have technologies and it is also true in the field of agriculture which are finally adapted to our problems and which will also change in the social domain also in the cost to educate human capital it is 25 million of a generation each year we have technical answers on which we go very quickly look at the mobile payment look at the way in financial matter an inclusion to accelerate which has a spectacular speed observe nothing so the model of your generation it begins to emerge it is very different from our technologies you have already done the technological jump which makes Africa now the first in a whole series of social uses of new technologies and that it is an evolution of models on which Europe can help us to accelerate in the implementation of this model because what we ask Europe it is not to assist us but it is to help us to go faster which is quite different and to recognize that in the field I took this example of payments but there are public health fields and there are agricultural fields and renewable energy fields are now a new model and I would like to finish a word on politics here again if you please the part of history as our sister said Gambia, Senegal, Ghana she forgot the money, I don't know why the money the money, the Kenya look at the amplitude of transformations look at these public opinions that have emerged look at Tunisian Arab revolutions to the movement of degagism look at what is going on what happened in Ouagadougou look at what is going on in the streets in Kinshasa there is a public opinion there are social networks even when the results are set you know, there are many countries where the results of elections are set even very honorable democracy when my French friends say it's a shame that we have set the result of the election of Benin yes, by the way I feel a bit prejudiced if you want to construct the result of the election of Benin but it's even happened in France I don't know, at random inside two big parties when they were doing their internal elections there is not so long before that before the primaries the fact that some results are still being built is that there is a local democracy because the more you are ready for the election the more the tribal control is strong and so there is even more democracy in the commune or in the local-intermediary collectivity if you want at the national level but what is striking is the rapidity of this control of the populations on their policies I'm not saying that it concerns 55 countries but if you want we I'm not the strongest partisan of the current regime of Benin for example in the sense that I would have preferred to take care of myself but I have to tell you that we have the freedom of the press and that we have no political prisoners very important already I'm done with a very remarkable opportunity to get an understanding of what is changing in Africa you can look back and you can express concern about everything that has characterised the past you could look back on the period since 2000 and look at the remarkable wave of transformation that has occurred across the continent the rise of democratisation the increase in economic activity the return of the diaspora and the enormous wealth creation that has taken place in respect of returns on foreign direct investment Lionel's concluding remarks however go to the centre of this particular issue a new generation is rising you heard some of them speak a few minutes ago that generation is not going to tolerate corruption that generation is not going to tolerate autocratic rule that generation is better educated more sophisticated and much more engaged with global standards Africa is rising for two very fundamental reasons the population is growing and is young urbanisation is occurring at an extraordinary rate and as many of our panellists have said today an increasing amount of economic activity is actually endogenous on foreign direct investment in Africa for 30 years have been higher than any other market in the world and Lionel again made the points highly effectively in the closing sessions it's happening the only question is whether one is going to participate or not if one is going to there are going to be extraordinary opportunities if not there are going to be enormous problems for Europe because believe me China increasingly are seizing these opportunities on the African continent on a significant scale thank you to all of the panellists they did an extraordinary sorry for having to be so disciplined in respect of it but you can see the reason