 This is also a very general presentation, like introduction, what and how was researched in Central European, Central European Warnfields. Yeah, this is probably the end-list map you can find on Wikipedia. And this is Lusatian culture. But the interesting, of course, thing is that what these Warnfields they have in common, they covered the areas of completely different economic strategies, completely different communities. They have nothing in common, only the Warnfields. So this is very interesting. And when we look at these future areas, we can see that what they have in common is cremation, of course, but it's prevailing. We all know examples. And we also have today a presentation about those who didn't want to cremate that. And we also, from Poland, we have some examples of mixed burials on one cemetery, of course, the same chronology for some reasons. Some people were cremated, some were not. So cremation is what they have in common. The other thing, which is very remarkable for this period, is the impressive number of both graves and large cemeteries. And the next thing is common use of pottery, not the metals. We know a lot of cemeteries without metals. Large cemeteries made by communities who are very skillful metallurgists and they have a lot of bronze deposits or bronze objects on the settlements, but they don't put metals in the graves. So the urn is what they have in common. It's use of, rather of pottery. Of course, the pottery, it doesn't mean it must be urn. We have a lot of examples also of field graves without urns, but pottery is somehow involved in funeral activities, which is also a very interesting question, because in this part of Europe pottery manufacturing is very seasonal activity. You cannot do it in the winter. You cannot do it when it's cold and it's wet. So the issue of combining the funeral activities and use of pottery is also very, very interesting. About the cremation, what is the main, to me, a very interesting thing is that it was quite rapidly introduced. We know that in Hungarian play there are some places where the cremation is dominant type of funeral since the early Bronze Age, but this is like an exception. But then, starting from, let's say, 100,300 BC in central Europe, the cremation graves are completely dominant. But what is interesting is that we can see some changes in the meaning of body and its integration. And this didn't happen in the urn fields. What we see in the urn fields is the result of some changes that began before the urn fields. And probably the crucial period is the Tumuli cultures. However, you can call it in different parts of Europe, you can see the change from early Bronze Age tradition, which of course is the continuation of early Neolithic tradition in this site position. But then something happened in treating the body treatment in these Tumuli cultures, because, as you can see starting from this time, there was no way back. People never started to bury that as they did in the Neolithic in early Bronze Age. So this is the very interesting moment that people started to look at that completely different way. And what we see here is just the result of these changes. And when we look at the number of graves, this is large cementary in early Bronze Age. You have some, this is from Moravia, and this is from New Rotom from my place. So yeah, this is kind of large cementary. But when we compare the numbers with the urn fields, they are really very, very small. When we look at the urn field periods, first we have cementaries that contain a lot of graves. And in the Luzatian culture area, we have the estimations that there must be, that there could have been 7,000 to 8,000 cementaries used over centuries. Sometimes it's 1,000 years old. Just imagine, I come from the country that has 1,000 years, 1,000 history. So when you think about such long, when you think about cementaries used for so long time, it's just, for us modern periods, just incredible. But here you can make examples of some medium-sized cementaries. But when we look at really big, desiconic sites, every archaeologist student in Poland knows this site, like Bojewsko or Kiercz. In Kiercz there are like 6,000 graves. They are really very, very big and they were used for 1,000 years. So there are very few situations that the graves destroyed each other. So they were very well marked on the surface. People just knew where to dig, not to destroy all the graves. And some recent excavations, this is a famous site, very richly furnished graves from Tomasław in Poland. And there are like 200 cremation graves and chamber graves and princely graves or almost princely graves, very famous site. So the urn fields are important and stable elements of cultural landscape because if for hundreds of years people knew where the cementaries are, here in the very center of the circle you can see the green spot. This is just an example of micro-region from Wicina in Western Poland. And in the center there is fortified settlement. And we have like in the session, we have like three papers of Wicina, so I won't just now talk about it. But the pink spots are cementaries and the blue spots are open settlement. So these cementaries were very well recognizable elements of the landscape for a long, long time. And when we look at other analysis we can see of course the micro, this is called micro-icology, I'm sure you know the notion. So when we have the vertical spatial analysis and try to find the order within the urn, there are some examples, this is publication by Aleksandr Gramsci, but there are many examples of that. With one conclusion that first there were some ideas about usually we don't have the exact order, but usually the urn is closed with skull bones. And when you look at the reconstruction you can see that the people they started from the legs to the top, so what we find in urns that the head was at the top of the urn. And also this type of analysis can be done in non-invasive way on the computer tomography. This was applied mostly to plan the excavation strategy because as you know the bones are always very fragmented, very fragile and it's very easy to damage them during the excavation. So some measurements can be done on the computer and also you know what you will find in the urn because you can find, you can see some metal objects for example. And then we have some examples of special analysis horizontal and the grave level, also very interesting issue to me because this is an example from Niederkajna, a really huge urnfield from eastern Germany published mostly by Nebel Sieg and his colleagues. And he showed in this picture the sum of these some of these pots were secondary fired and also this is very interesting question why some grave goods were cremated together with the dead and some were not. This is why we don't have bone and antler objects in these graves because when we have these mixed ritual sites when we have information graves we have a lot of bone and antler objects but when it comes to cremation graves this is very difficult to find among these burned bones and sometimes we have also very good examples from the China site that we have in some graves we have some fragments of bronze objects and in other graves we have just bronze lamps but the weight is very much similar so probably these bronze pieces were burned together on the cremation fire. So this question is also very interesting but of course in central European archaeology what we have we have topology. This is something you cannot escape from when you were born in central Europe with this German archaeological tradition which of course is really good to have things order it but this is not like the final aim of any archaeological work but topology is also a very typical procedure in working on material. It can be focused completely on archaeological evidence but also combined with some anthropological as you can see you can topology of graves depending on the number of individuals buried in each context. Also technological analysis whatever you find you can just test it you can cut it and you can check what it is. So there are just examples of some objects clay from Moravia China site in Moravia but of course now we have spectrum of possible analysis with USWARE and GCMS as we have also very interesting results recently in UNDFILD pods. Some context studies this is also very interesting because as an archaeological student I was told that staff per grave was completely different from objects used in normal life but recent studies show first thing that most what we find in the graves was used before the position was in normal, has a normal life, normal biography and also there are very few categories of objects which were intended to be done to be made only to funeral purposes and here you can see some studies on the forest so you can see that there are some forests they might be intended to be used only in funeral contexts and some were mostly for settlement but these studies are also new in Central European archaeology at least about what I know. We have some special analysis on the level of whole cementary when you can see the colors are different chronology but we can see some graves with some rest and a plant rest, plant remains so also interesting question that it's somehow combined with the chronology so there was a moment that for some reason this plant was added to the graves and also some constructions you can see the red spots are chamber graves and of course social and ritual issues which are very rare in my opinion because archaeologists are convinced that they are very difficult to study which is true but this is not the excuse but we have also some indicators of possibly elites and I know the colleague from Balkans you speak about elite graves in Slovenia and Croatia so you have said of indicators or yesterday I was doing a session about motherhood and there was some marginalization some least of social indicators of higher status some were interesting, some were very intriguing like grave depth for example so I think everybody has its own private least of what can be indicator of social status and also very interesting in my opinion very interesting interpretation about the graves set of vessels we find in graves where somehow comparable can be comparable with what is called remains of some feast or libations when we look at these two pictures this is a grave inventory and this is kind of feast remains which we find in the settlement and there is a book unfortunately it's only in Polish and all this port from the one cemetery was measured and there was a kind of analysis of how the inventories have changed over time and it shows some differences in kind of feasting or making libations in the history and also very interesting like also published only in Polish so at least you will know it from me that the rapid introduction of cremation is very heavily connected with metallurgy so the fire is crucial issue here because in the same way it transforms metal objects it transforms human bodies and this is very interesting for me because we have very few answers why the cremation became so dominant and so rapidly in Europe and showing the examples from all the India is definitely not enough because in Harappa culture, in Bronze Age culture the cremation was introduced later in the field so it's not good example and also we have some reconstructions of rituals usually the framework is connected with rites of passage and this is just an example from Grams again when you put archaeological evidence into this theoretical frame of rites of passage this is of course these are the conclusions so we have, I must say that we have a lot of excavated sites a lot of published sites the quality of the publication is usually very very good but this is mostly descriptive there are mostly descriptions it's not important if it's data brought from GCMS again what you have you have data but you have to work on this data and I think the proportion between data and interpretation are still not enough what we have is not enough to know this very interesting period so this is it, thank you