 Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work peers. It constitutes a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review. Professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure. Citation needed Henry Oldenburg 1619-1677 was a British philosopher who is seen as the father of modern scientific peer review. W.A. prototype clarification needed professional peer review process was recommended in the ethics of the physician written by Ishek Ibn Harli Al Ruhay 854-931. He stated that a visiting physician had to make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical counsel of other physicians, who would decide whether the treatment had met the required standards of medical care. Professional peer review is common in the field of healthcare, where it is usually called clinical peer review. Further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also physician peer review, nursing peer review, dentistry peer review, etc. Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process, accounting, law, engineering e.g., software peer review, technical peer review aviation, and even forest fire management. Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives, particularly as a tool to reach higher-order processes in the effective and cognitive domains as defined by Bloom's taxonomy. This may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine.