 Hello. Good evening everyone. Today's topic is natural resources. Natural resources it is not included in the biology but it is just to bring the awareness, what are natural resources, what are the topics under that, how to protect the environment. All these will be described. So first let us see what are, what is natural resource. Resource is something that can be reused or useful. Okay. Something that is useful or reused. Natural something that is obtained naturally. Okay. Given by nature. So what are natural resources? Natural resources are the resources available in the nature. Okay. Are given by the nature. That is the definition of natural resources. So what are the examples of natural resources? Air, water, sunlight, minerals, forest, wildlife. All these are the examples of natural resources. Air, water, land, wildlife, soil, minerals. All these are natural resources are given by nature. Right. So these are of two types. Two types. Number one, renewable resources. Renewable resources. Number two, non-renewable resources. Okay. What do you mean by renewable resources? Those resources which can be replenished in a short period of time. Those are called renewable resources. Those resources which cannot be replenished in short period of time are called non-renewable natural resources. So what are renewable resources? Examples, air, water, sunlight, forest, etc. Examples of non-renewable resources like petroleum, natural gas, metals, etc. Because they take millions of years to form those resources again. So these are non-renewable. Renewable resources which can be replenished, which can be replenished in short period of time. Examples, sunlight, water, air. Okay. Next is non-renewable. Non-renewable natural resources will be replenished, which cannot be replenished in short period of time. Examples, petroleum, natural gas, coal. These cannot be replenished in short period of time. They take millions of years to form inside the earth crust. Right. So these are non-renewable. These are renewable, which can be replenished in short period of time. So these are the two types of resources, natural resources. Okay. And why are we studying this topic? It is our responsibility to protect the environment, but we are spoiling all the natural resources by human activities. So how we are spoiling and how to protect, how to manage these natural resources, we will see. Human activities produce lots of waste. These waste is just dumped into the environment. The waste that is dumped into the environment will lead to pollution and that affect the natural resources. Right. Like what water it affects, soil it affects, air it affects. So now lots of pollution. We take example of Bangalore only pollution has increased because of industries, because of the vehicles we are using. So air pollution has been increased. And water pollution, all the industrial waste are dumped into the rivers, lakes or whatever is near by water bodies. So that way we are spoiling the water also. This is how we are destroying the natural resources by human activities. So we should have some, we should manage those natural resources, we should protect those natural resources. So example of water body will take Ganga river, river Ganga which flows more than 5000 kilometers from Himalayas to Bay of Bengal is dumped with much of the human waste. It is drained with human waste. So it should be protected, it should be protected. Otherwise we are losing all of our water bodies. Right. So there is an awareness program called as Ganga Action Plan. Okay. This was to protect the river Ganga. A program has been launched known as Ganga Action Plan, Ganga Action Plan by Rajiv Gandhi in the year 1986. It was launched by Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. Why he launched this? Because to reduce the pollution in the river. Okay. So what, what, what was the waste present in the Ganga river? May be human waste, industrial waste and even that there, they celebrate some festival, right. That is a religious river. They celebrate that and people go take bath there in the river. So all these will cause pollution. Human waste, human waste is extracted into the river that causes the pollution and some people wash their cloths, the laundry and even bath, they take bath there. So all these activities will cause pollution. Next is industrial waste, dumping of untreated waste. From the industries many untreated waste will be there that will be dumped into the river. So again that leads to pollution, industrial waste and next is religious events. All these will lead to pollution of water bodies. Okay. In order to protect this, they have been launched a Ganga Action Plan where here there are three R's like reduce, recycle, reuse. To save the river, we have three ideas. Reduce the waste, recycle the water body and reuse the water. This is a three R's to save the water bodies. Okay. Reduce means, under reduce we have to use only less of natural resources. We should not waste the natural resources. Okay. We should not waste how much is required, that much has to be used. Recycle, like paper, plastic, glass, petals, etc. can be used, right? They can be reused for making different things. So that has to be recycled. And next is reuse. Portals, like pickle jars, all these can be reused and again. So we should reuse resources should not be wasted. We should recycle and reuse them. That is a plan, that is a plan of Ganga Action Plan which was launched by Raju Gandhi in 1986. Okay. Why should we manage this natural resources? We have only few natural resources. If all of those are used up, so they will have a shortage of natural resources. So we need to manage the natural resources. Need for management. Need for management. So what is the need for management? Nowadays, industrialization is increasing. Urbanization is increasing. So there is demand for natural resources. But natural resources are limited. They are not growing. Their water is already present. So that will not grow. So we should protect those natural resources. Land is already there. We should not, like, it will not grow, right? So we should not waste those natural resources. As there is increase in industrialization, urbanization, there is a demand for natural resources. But availability is limited. So there is need for management of natural resources. Limited resources, limited natural resources and demand is more, right? That is why we need to manage natural resources. So under this need for management of natural resources, the proper management of natural resources consists of, what does this consist? Long term planning should be there. Long term planning of natural resources should be there. We should not exploit the natural resources. We should dispose it safely. So exploitation of natural resources should not be for a benefit. So exploitation of natural resources should not be a benefit for few people. It should be, like, used or distributed equally for all. So it should be useful for more number of population. So if we are using the natural resources or extracting those natural resources, we should also plan safe use, safe disposal and we should avoid pollution and there should be no damage to the environment. We should take all these preventive measures. Then only we should use the natural resources. Before extracting and using, care should be taken for the disposal. There should not be any damage to the environment. They should avoid, all these has to be taken before extracting natural resources. Care should be taken. Disposal, avoid pollution. There should be no damage to environment. All these three preventive measures has to be taken before you use or extract natural resources. And one more thing is we should plan, plan should be long term. We should use those natural resources for long period of time. It should be useful for further generations also. In that way we should plan, okay? And it should not, natural resources should not be wasted. Waste is of natural resources is avoided. All these has to be done for management of natural resources. Now we saw Ganga Action Plan for Water. We will see about forest. Forest is also a natural resource, right? We have variety of plants, variety of animals. So it is very diverse, right? Forest is very diverse. We call forest as biodiversity hotspots. Why do we call the forest as biodiversity hotspots? Biodiversity hotspots. What is the importance of forest? So main thing is preservation of biodiversity. Many plants are growing, many animals are living, many birds are living. So it is main preservative for biodiversity. What are the forest or natural habitats of plants and animals? What are the sources we get from forest? We get wood, we get medicines, we get fuel, we get fodder, etc. All these are available from the forest. So forest also helps in maintenance of ecological balance, right? Climate control, rain for all these soil erosion, floods and oxygen-carbon dioxide balance. All these are controlled by forest. So we have lots of importance from forest. That is why we call it as biodiversity hotspot, okay? Next is we need to, who are protecting forest? So it is biodiversity hotspot. We have lots of importance from forest. So who are protecting the forest? Forest has to be protected, right? There is a terminology called as stakeholders. Who is called as stakeholders? People who are associated directly or indirectly with forest. They are protecting the forest maybe either directly or indirectly. Those people are known as stakeholders, okay? People associated, people associated directly or indirectly with forest are called as stakeholders. So what do these people do? Some people, their livelihood will be living near in and around forest and depend on forest for their livelihood, right? Those people are best examples of stakeholders, people living in and around forest, living in and around forest because their livelihood itself is, they depend on forest. So they are directly dependent on forest. And next set of people, industrialists, they are called as industrialists. Who use the raw materials from the forest? Example like wood, gum, all these are timber. All these are obtained from forest only. This for preparing the paper, again plants are used there. All these are from forest only. Industrialists who use their natural resources from the forest, these people are also linked directly and the department of the government. They controls all the natural resources from the forest. They will have all the control of the forest, right? So these people are also known stakeholders, government which controls the forest and some wildlife organizations, wildlife organizations which are who want to conserve or protect or preserve the forest are also known as stakeholders. These four set of peoples are known as stakeholders. One, people living in and around forest for their livelihood. Next are the industrialists who use the raw material for the use or for preparation of any of the product and the government associated with the forest who controls and owns the forest. And next is wildlife organizations who conserve, preserve and protect the forest. All these people are known as stakeholders. Okay? And next, next step is conservation of forest, conservation. How will we conserve the forest? Planting of more trees that is known as off-forestation, prevention of, prevention or cutting of trees that is deforestation can be avoided. Oh, prevention of cattle, right? Some be established, biosphere reserves can be established, some wildlife sanctuaries can be established. Okay? Some welfare programs or organizations can be set up, like some programs can be set up like Chippko movement for planting and protecting trees on large scale. All these help in conservation of forest, right? First thing is off-arrestation. Second thing is deforestation, prevention of overgazing. Some movements or programs like Chippko movement to plant and protect trees and some setting of some wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, national parks, all these help in conservation of forest. This is how forest can be conserved. So, we completed about water, we completed about forest. Next we have wildlife, wildlife. So, what is the importance of wildlife? Again, this also preserves the biodiversity. We have wide variety of organisms or animals living on this earth surface. So, this prevents the, preserves the biodiversity. And next, it helps in maintenance of food chains and food webs. As the number of organisms are growing, food chains and food webs also will be increasing. We have limited resources and the competition will be increasing. So, that helps in maintenance of food chains and food webs. We get useful products from wildlife like honey, medicines, food, etc., right? This is how wildlife is important, okay? It preserves biodiversity. Next is food chain, maintenance of food chain and food web. You all know what is food chain and food web. One organism will be dependent on other organism, primary producers, consumers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, all these, right? Incerts, snakes, frogs, all these will be under food chain and food web. So, this is about preservation or importance. Next step is conservation. How to conserve wildlife? Conservation is also as important as required. First, we need to protect them. Natural habitats has to be protected. Next, we need to stop hunting. Hunting should be stopped, ban hunting and we should protect the endangered animals which are extinct, about to extinct. Those have to be protected. We have to set some parks, national parks, sanctuaries and there these animals which are about to extinct have to be protected, right? These are the conservation steps of wildlife. These are about natural resources. Few people, they have formed some organizations like Chippko Anglo Movement to protect or to plan the trees. So, this is how we need to conserve the natural resources and protect the natural resources and maintain them which will be useful for future generations. Otherwise, the natural resources will be used up and it will not be there for the future use. These are about natural resources. I guess we completed all the topics, a revision of all the topics. If you have any doubt in any chapter, please ask me. Next, we will go for discussion of questions in each chapter. Important questions, important topics in each chapter. Now, I will give you five minutes. You just ask me if you have any doubts in any chapter, any topic. Nobody has any doubt, clear with all the topics from all the chapters. So, we will discuss few questions from life process. For example, life process. What are the raw materials of photosynthesis, materials of photosynthesis? What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is nothing but plants prepare their own food using sunlight. Photo is light. Synthesis using light, they are synthesizing their own food. So, what are the raw materials? The raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, material, number three, sunlight. These are the raw materials required for photosynthesis, right? That will complete your answer. Next question, what is the role of pepsin in stomach? Role of pepsin in stomach? Pepsin, it helps in digestion of proteins. So, pepsin helps in digestion of proteins, where proteins are converted to peptones in the presence of pepsin. This is your answer. What is the functional unit of kidney nephron? Nephron is a structural and functional unit of kidney. All such questions will be coming. From natural resources, I will just give you some important questions or important topics from where the questions can be asked. Questions might be from photosynthesis like light reaction, dark reaction and what is the site for photosynthesis. Okay? And when you go for the digestive system, their digestion, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, all these five steps are very much important and the digestion of carbohydrates, digestion of proteins, digestion of lipids and enzymes which helps in digestion of each of these, digestion happening in mouth, stomach, intestine and how it is absorbed and excreted. All these are important in digestive system. Questions might be asked from there. Okay? The modes of nutrition, adotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophytic, those are also important for short answer questions that much will be given from digestive system. And next, when you go to respiration, the types of respiration, anaerobic, aerobic respiration and how that glycolysis happens, glucose is converted to pyruvate and aerobic by Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and if anaerobic respiration is there, how it will convert into lactic acid, how it gives carbon dioxide, how it gives alcohol. All those are important, those steps are important. One question might be like this, distinguish between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. In lactic acid fermentation, lactic acid will be the end product. In alcohol fermentation, ethyl alcohol or CO2 will be the end products. Okay? And where those steps take place, in which organism like yeast, muscle cells, that is important. You have to mention the reference like where the location of the fermentation and what will be the end product. You can write it when they ask, distinguish. Yeah. Name the energy currency molecule of a cell, that is ATP, adenosine triphosphate, which is a major energy currency molecule of a cell. Again here, xylem, phloem and in heart about cardiovascular system, those valves, semilunar valves, ticospid valve, bicospid valve, how the blood is transported. Right? And your pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, arteries, veins, capillaries, venules, arterioles, all these terminology are important. They will ask for short answer questions. And in excretory system, that about nephron, about the cortical nephrons, gestoglomerular nephrons, what happens in PCT, Henry's, okay. And next is reproductive system. In reproductive system, you might expect like first types of asexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction. So, reproduction, it is asexual, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, again a subtypes, budding, fragmentation, binary fission, regeneration, all these might be asked, okay. I will give you one example, like when these budding are types of asexual reproduction are asked. First you give one definition of these budding, or growth of a cell, take it off from the parents cell and it will form a new mother cell, a new individual, right. So, I will give example here. Suppose budding is asked, give the definition, first thing is you have to give the definition. Next examples, examples, suppose budding takes place in hydra, right. So, you should give the examples of that and it will take place in east. East is easy for you to draw diagrams, then hydra. So, you write whichever is comfortable for you. Then you just show in the form of diagram that will give impression to the examiner. One small diagram with a cell nucleus inside and cytoplasm, okay. Next step is it will form a, so this is a mother cell, it will develop a small outgrowth. This is the nuclear division between the mother and the parent and cytoplasm is also distributed. And in the next step, it will obtain the nutrition from mother and starts separating. This is just like this, nucleus, cytoplasm, mother cell, daughter cell. Just make a simple diagram, okay. First definition, then example and simple diagram in asexual reproduction is asked, okay. Same thing has to be done for fragmentation, even binary question and regeneration also, okay. And next, in sexual reproduction, they might ask about male reproductive system, female reproductive system, the organs of male reproductive system, organs of female reproductive system to label the parts, to label the part, they will ask you to label the parts, okay. And in female reproductive system, that ovulate, riparate, the heart, the progesterone, histrogeluteal phase, histrotem is formed, all those are very important. And when you go to production, the flower structure and the ovules ovary, how it is formed, stigma, pollination, all these questions can be asked, okay. And how that implantation happens, how fertilization happens. Main questions will be from female reproductive system, you can expect menstrual cycle, all those phases, menstrual phase, proliferation phase, post ovulatory phase, that is luteal phase, these questions and in male reproductive system, you can expect to label the parts and they may ask, what is the function of prostate gland, what is the function of vasodifference, what is the function of epididymis. So you should be thorough with each and every part and their function in reproduction. And in plant reproduction, you should be thorough with the flower structure, those four layers, scalyx, corolla and ritium and gynesium, the structure of an ovule, how those antipodal cells are arranged, how the secondary nucleus is arranged, embryo, how the embryonic sac is arranged, how the egg is formed, uspor is formed, all these are important and self-pollination, cross-pollination, advantages, disadvantages, these are important from reproductive system. And next topic is nervous system, structure of neuron, nervous system, first question will be neuron structure, we thorough with that, just like this, these are dendrites, right, dendrites, then cytoplasm, nisil granules, then continues as axon and it will form axon terminals. Or axon bulbs, right, if it is myelinated, just like this, myelinsate is present. So when you label the parts, label it towards one side, dendrites, this is cell body or soma, nucleus, cytoplasm, nisil granules, then this is axon, this is the insulated myelinsheet, which use insulation, next these are axon terminals, right, write it, bottom structure of neuron, this will fetch you complete marks, okay. So structure of neuron is important, next will be mechanism of transmission of impulse, impulse transmission, third question is, yeah, reflex action, reflex arc, so what is the difference between impulse mechanism of impulse transmission and reflex arc? So this reflex arc or reflex action happens only when when it is involuntary action, where there is sudden action has to be done and the message will not reach till brain, it will reach the, till spinal cord and spinal cord itself will read the information and give back the information. Impulse transmission, it is not like that, it will go to spinal cord, then it will reaches the brain, brain will send to spinal cord, spinal cord will send to receptor, then the types of neurons, sensory, motor and interneurons, very important and brain, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord, so central nervous system and in peripheral nervous system, cranial nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic, the functions, the table all the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic dilates the pupil, increase the heartbeat, increase the digestion, increase the excretion, all these functions has to be learned from sympathetic and parasympathetic, very important and they might ask you to label the parts of brain, that is from nervous system and next is endocrine system, from endocrine system you should be thorough with all the glands, all the glands and that function, endocrine system you should be thorough with all glands and functions, from hypothalamus, neal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, timers, pancreas, adenine gland, ovaries, testis, all these should be very clear with the structure, with the function and where is the location of this gland, okay, what hormones is agreed, what is the function of those hormones in our body and what are exocrine glands, endocrine glands, exocrine and endocrine, what is the difference between exocrine gland and endocrine gland, endocrine glands are ductile glands which release their blood directly, which release their hormones directly into blood, what is hyperactivity, what is hypoactivity, hyperactivity is nothing but increase in the production of hormones in high concentrations, hypo is less concentrated, suppose growth hormone, gigantism is hyper, hyperaction whereas dwarfism is hypoaction of growth hormone, so this is hyper and hypoaction and goiter, why it is called the deficiency deficiency of which hormone causes goiter, no and and why the hypothalamus is called as master gland of pituitary gland, why pituitary gland is called master gland of other, master gland of other glands, let me ask you and important hormone is insulin, glucagon, their antagonistic function vasopressin, oxytocin, so which are very important, insulin, adh, insulate also which are antagonistic to each other, adh hormone, mainly pituitary hormone, serial pituitary, so these are few important things from and next is heredity and evolution, in heredity and evolution definitions, all the definitions from gene, allele, trait, chromosome, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, all these definitions and Mendel's laws, three laws, first law, second law and third law, dominance, law of dominance, law of independent assortment and hybridization experiment, why only pea plant, why only he choose pea plant, what are the seven contrasting characters taken by Mendel, pod shape, pod color, all those, next monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross and dihybrid, here in monohybrid and dihybrid, when you make a poonet square, first you take down the parents, parents suppose dd and small d small d, these are the parents, next is gametes, gametes should be rounded off compulsory, you should round the gametes, next crossing you will get capital D small d, that is F1 generation, first FL generation offspring, so you will write what is the genotypic ratio, what is the phenotypic ratio of first FL generation, okay, next you will go to if they ask it as self cross, you will cross it as dd into dd, if they ask you to cross the F1 generation with any other parent, either dominant parent or either recessive parent or any other, then you write it as P2, start the cross, again gamete 2, gametes here, then F2 generation offspring, do it in a poonet square, here one is male and female, one gamete, other gamete, another gamete, just make it like this and write the genotypic genotypes here and you mention genotypic ratio, phenotypic ratio, this will complete your poonet square, don't just scratch it here itself everything, just like this and write here only that 50% or 25% or whatever percentage it is and in this poonet square, if we get four individuals, so one by four, if one is, if they ask you what is the ratio of tall, then one by four, you should write as 25%, if it is two by four, write as 50%, okay, when they ask you to like percentage, you should write it as 25, 50, 75, 100, okay, when they ask you ratio, mention it as one is to two is to one or three is to one or four is to zero in this way, you made mistakes, many of you made mistakes here, that is why I am telling you the ratios, how to write, okay and how to write the percentage, so these are some of the important questions from Herdity and I hybrid cross, many of you will make mistakes, please make sure that you will do it slowly while doing the cross and next in evolution, what is speciation, what is natural selection and what is your favorite question, forward the favorite question, yeah, here they will ask speciation, natural selection, then those concepts of homologous organs, analogous organs, important question, so speciation, natural selection, homologous organs, analogous organs and human evolution, how human evolution has taken place, all those Homo erectus, Tramapithecus, Astrolopithecus, Triopithecus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, I have explained in division class, right, all those and next formation of fossils, the two methods of determination of age of fossil, that is carbon dating and by seeing the depth of the layers, those are the two methods, right, observed dating, radiative dating, all those, okay, that is about evolution and next is this natural resources, from natural resources they can ask you what is coliforms, coliforms are those bacteria which are present in the intestine of human being and also present in water, the example you can use S-Ritia coli is a rod shaped bacteria which are motile, what is the presence of coliform indicate, it indicates there is some infection, if it is present in water, so there is some contamination, it indicates there is some contamination, right, that is about natural resources, anything is left out if you have any doubts, so this is your complete syllabus and revision course, if you have any doubts, please let me know, presentation is very important, diagrams, labeling is important, labeling should be made only towards one side, maintain the paper clean, underline which is important, right, only the important points, examples are very important, diagrams are important, natural resources, this Ganga action plan can be asked, conservation, what are the important of, importance of preservation of wildlife, preservation of forest, what are these sanctuaries, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, they can ask some examples of national parks or sanctuaries in India, if you have any doubt you can ask me, otherwise we will end it here, we will discuss any questions, if you have any doubts in any questions how to write, what is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction, that is, that gives heredity, right, heredity information is passed from DNA, DNA helps in heredity, so whatever variations are coming to the next generation that will be due to the changes that takes place in the DNA, mainly DNA gives heredity and variations, that is the importance of DNA, there is a hereditary material, it helps in variations, so that is the answer for your question, any other doubts, any doubt from any chapter, these come with your division codes, okay, different parts of brain and function, okay, let me explain, so brain, different parts of brain and their function, first brain has three main parts, that is cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla of long data, one second, otherwise you can explain like this also, just brain, it is divided into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, forebrain, what is forebrain, what is the function of forebrain, what are the parts of forebrain, forebrain consists of cerebrum and diencephalon, right, midbrain it cut, midbrain is the region between forebrain and hindbrain, okay, midbrain is also called as mesencephalon and next hindbrain also called as mesencephalon, it is present between forebrain and hindbrain and what does the hindbrain contain, forebrain, medulla of long data, medulla of long data, then cerebellum, first you write it in the form of flow chart, then you explain one by one, cerebrum, what is the function of cerebrum, you can explain it is the largest part and constitute 80% of the brain, cerebrum is also called as steleencephalon, okay, and it is have, what are the functions of cerebrum and you can explain about the gyri and salsai present over there and our function is called as cerebral cortex which has gray matter and those cerebral lobes are divided into frontal, parietal, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, that in diencephalon it is basically it has epithalamus and thalamus on the sides and hypothalamus forms the floor that is diencephalon, okay, what is the function of epithalamus, it helps in filtering the cerebrospinal fluid, what is the function of thalamus, it helps as sensory relaysation and hypothalamus it has like it controls behavioral activities like eating, drinking, etc., in that way you should write the functions, okay, clear, if they give this for one mark, okay, just write brain has four, it is divided into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain and just write it regulates all the activities, okay, it regulates all voluntary and involuntary activities that is enough for one mark, okay, clear, any more doubts, any other doubt, any other doubt guys regarding any question how to write it or how to present it, or doubt in any topic, any concept, so shall I stop it here, okay, if you have any doubts for your exams you can ask me, you can call me and ask, no issues, okay, thank you