 I threatened you then by saying that what I'd like to do is show this video again but then get you guys to all contribute and come up with some ideas. This is going to fit in very much with the talks that we've just seen, especially what Anne's been saying what Penilla's been saying. The background to this project was called learning from loss. It was a joint project at University of St Andrews, which is where I'm from. Mistakenly yesterday I said I was from Stirling, I'm not quite sure why. a also at the University of Stirling. And it was sponsored by the Scottish University's Institute with help from Historic Environment Scotland. And I'm going to show this video, but the whole project was coming out of the work that Joanna and Ellie and myself have been doing with the Scotland's Coastal Heritage at RIS project. So we're not actually going to be talking about CHARP at all because I'm sure many of you will have heard us talking about that in the past. On the trip we bought together members of the two universities, plus some colleagues from the United States and members of Historic Environment Scotland, together with local authority archaeologists and other archaeologists, and we did a road trip which sort of started in Edinburgh and then we went all the way up to Aberdeen, took a ferry to Orkney, so if you think of Scotland and then you think where Iceland is, there's a set of islands in between and Orkney is the first set of islands and you have Shetland then you have the ferry. So we went up to Orkney looking at eroding sites and talking to community members and various other stakeholders. So this is an eroding site in Fife, which is where we started. We also had a number of workshops and sit-down sessions both in Historic Environment Scotland and in community centres around the country. We visited a whole bunch of archaeological sites of different types and I'm showing you these because these will be mentioned in the film. This is the Brock at Loch Ness on Sandy, so much of the film is going to be talking about the island of Sandy in Orkney, but this is the Brock in Sandy. This is the whale bone plaque that was found as part of the scar boat burial up on Sandy, so that was rescued during an excavation of an eroding site, and this is an aerial view of the Muir burnt mound. So this is a Bronze Age burnt mound with a well and there's actually a Neolithic well underneath that. This is the Muir burnt mound under excavation, so the film will then start talking about the different options and Vanilla was talking about these options. So one of the things that you can do is you can excavate sites. This is another site that we visited in Brawra in the East Coast. Relocation, again we came across that and so the site, this is a relocation of a project that we did up in Shetland, but that site at Muir we did move it and here is the site after we moved it to the Heritage Centre. They'll be talking about sandbagging. This is actually the community over in Orkney sandbagging one of their sites because there are eroding human remains coming out of that site. So this isn't actually being done by the state. This is being done by communities. And then the film will also talk about other options and I'll throw another couple in. One of them is you can make films about things so you can just allow things to disappear and just go and have fun instead. This is the Weems Caves 4D website. That model that you see there is actually based on a structure from motion of the entire coast so this is drone flight. But we also at that site did a lot of laser scanning so this is all to go into the digital stuff that we've been talking about earlier. The film will also touch on what should we be doing about the sites where we don't actually know what is there. We know that there's a great site but we can't really say what it is. So here's Joe standing below a large midden which you can see sort of going down all the way up to her shoulders but you can also see that there's a structure in by her from her shoulders down to the floor. We have no idea whether that's Norse, whether it's a Neolithic Iron Age, Bronze Age who knows. The film will also touch on tourism and if you look at the destination of that bus that is actually a public bus going to Skara Brae. But of course the main problem is all the cruise boats coming in bringing in thousands of tourists to some of these quite remote places. And again I said and then the role of the communities. Communities will come out very strongly so here is the community out in Sandy discussing various options. And at the end of the film I would like you to just think about some of these points so here are some questions. I'll bring these back up again at the end of the film. But it would be great if we can get a few ideas and if you all decide that you don't want to talk about this that's fine. Because we do have a satisious film to watch as well which will be a bit of relief after this. I do have to apologise about the quality of the film. It's not finished yet. And also when I was making it the people who were being interviewed had been on a road trip for 10 days. They hadn't had very much sleep and I did put a camera right up into their face. And there are going to be lots of cutaways to hide several things when I've finished the film. But this is just definitely to give you an idea of what happened during the learning from lost trip. So with no further ado, here we go. What have we been looking at the last few days? I feel like we've had this epic road trip ferry trip around Scotland to see sites at risk. Several folks have asked me on this trip. So what does Scotland have to do with the US in the National Park Service? The fact is you're losing your coastlines rapidly and so are we. So it's a similar problem. And a lot of it has really resonated with sites we have in Florida that are eroding out of similar sand dune structures. And it's very relevant to our sites in Florida and actually the whole coast, the coastal sites all the way around the states. Well, it's interesting how international and global the heritage at risk topic is. And I'm continually trying to compare the situation that I've seen here in Scotland on our trip with the situations that I am facing, the issues and problems that I'm trying to provide solutions for back in the US. So we've been on sandy for the past couple of days looking at various coastal heritage sites that are at risk of erosion. The island ship is like a dragon and on each end of the dragon there are some exposed archaeological features. It's a major part of this island's heritage, the archaeology. There's a lot going on. I think I was struck with not only the number of sites that we've seen, but all the complexity and the potential information that lies behind them. The extent of your occupations, the length of time is just amazing. And certainly there are sites here which are unique in the British Isle. This is the first time I've visited sandy and it didn't take long to realise that many of the coastal heritage sites are really susceptible to things like coastal erosion. Yes, yes. It's a big problem here because sandy is really low lion. So every winter we get huge tides and huge winds. And especially on this island the winter storms can be so horrific. Coastal erosion is an issue that is exacerbated by climate change, sea level rise, changes in patterns of storms and the intensity of storms, things like that. Hearing from the community members and people working on the islands about the way the coastline has been retreating in certain places over the last few years and how they are in their own lifetime seeing more climatic events, more serious events, more serious storms. I've got an old broch, 100 yards from the main farmhouse maybe. It's been a substantial building at one time but it's disappearing. And I lived near the scar book by real one so I keep an eye on that and there's more of that being exposed. Yes, well there's a big storm and I get down to the beach to see what like the wall was, in case it was under mine and I found all the stones sticking up out of the beach so I went in and got Ruth's wife to come and have a look. This particular one here is a case in point. This winter will be completely covered in boulders and pebbles again and one of these days there will be a major storm, force 10 and 12 and it will wash the whole thing away. I've experienced a whole range of emotions from oh my gosh we can't save that to how can we save that. So I think this experience of meeting with communities, visiting sites has really raised my appreciation for the seriousness of the issue. If we do take a do nothing approach then we're potentially facing fairly extreme loss. I think it's really important that these sites that are susceptible to coastal erosion and sea level rise are recorded appropriately. Then start analysing what is possible here and looking at do we do site excavations as we know coastal defences, are we doing the 3D laser scanning, are we documenting or picking things up and muting them? In an ideal world we'd like them to be excavated wouldn't we, everybody would wherever they live but not just on Sunday. Yes, well the one at Moor that we've been working on that's like we had to be looking at it because it was getting washed away. Well if it's something worth rescuing they should rescue them but they have to know them and you try and protect them I don't know. That's maybe on some of these sites as much as we can do is to buy some time through coastal defences. I think using of sandbags and community monitoring is a really good way of buying a bit of time and thinking about what the approaches might need to be to that heritage as the artefacts of the archaeology within those sites are exposed. I think there must be a range of options for the sites. I think to build walls around many of the sites would be far too expensive and not possible. And again coastal defences have a lot of their own problems and have to be thought of that on a site by site basis. Rescue them or record them or excavate them for future generations and educate the kids. If it's all going to be lost it would be a shame that you couldn't find it and store it away somewhere that's safe for future generations to see. Well it should be to something but the amount it is it wouldn't be able to protect them all so you'd need to pick on the most important ones and try and rescue them. It needs to be prioritised to see what the most important ones are and possibly have a good go at them but you can't look at everyone. There's not enough manpower or man hours to do them all. One of the big questions that we face in Florida and also here in Scotland is how do we prioritise sites. How do we in the face of certain loss of a substantial amount of coastal areas, how do we decide which sites to save, which sites to protect, which sites to excavate and which sites to just walk away from. And one of the other things that I think is also extremely important that I've been trying to fit into our larger model is saving a diversity of sites. I don't know what would be best. Money would be the biggest problem. You could not do them all. One of the great challenges that I know we're facing in the Park Service is really realising that we are not going to be able to save everything. That said, we have to figure out some tough ways to make choices to either focus on a few sites and get a lot of information or maybe to focus on a lot of sites to get a little information. The big thing that we've talked about though is significance and that sense of why are these different places important. I suppose to do the ones that you're going to get the most benefit from. The values of sites have three major components. One is the intrinsic values and second is the social value. It also includes community, spiritual, these kinds of values and a certain one is economic values. I think that you look at rarity, how many sites like that you have recorded and then of course how strong is the community, how can they really help. I think we should prioritize sites by the ones that could actually see being eroded year by year, even month by month. We really see it as an iterative process of trying to work through which sites are most at risk, why are they most at risk, what is the greatest value and then working with those pieces to figure out the best next set of steps going forward. I think in terms of gaining the knowledge and exploring getting a sense of the scope of the sites and perhaps what may be there, the potential that they have is really important in terms of determining what sort of action people might want to take. So what do we do with the sites for which we don't yet have the information, we don't know how important they are, we don't know what stories they contain. It's been haunting me a bit this question of significance because even when we know the significance there's usually pockets we don't know, when we don't know if it's significant then you're working with a truly blank slate. I really think we need to find a way to recover the where, when, why and how for these sites. We need to actually incorporate a maybe a bonus sign or a plus sign or some other check mark to say this is a site that we don't yet know anything about and we should put some emphasis toward sites that we have not yet explored. And some of the sites can actually be used to create some economic benefit in order to generate some income to benefit the whole community, the whole society, the whole island. There are businesses here who run on being holiday making businesses so yes having an economic attraction that is to do with archaeology coming here for holiday could also be good. And it brings people to the island and helps with economy because the archaeologists come and stay and eat and shop. Not probably wanting it to be enormous sites which attract cruise ships and would destroy the environment but on the other hand involving people with what's here could be good. Sandy has to find something that's unique to them. For example, one thing that can be promoted or repackaged is the comprehensiveness and also the large scale of the archaeological remains that has been found on this island. But I think it's also important to think about the aspects of knowledge creation and knowledge sharing and also the social dynamic, social value and the ways in which community resilience and community understanding can be built. I think there's a couple things to stand out. One thing that I think is important is the local value, the significance of resources to local communities has got to be of importance. I think the local significance, I mean that's kind of what first initially shores up a site so if it's not on their radar, if it's not significant to them, you've got a whole another uphill battle of motivation to try and rally around some of these sites at risk. I really think that the community and their ability to mobilize and do the recording and interpret it is really key. I think it would be a big mistake to leave out the community. I think you'd find yourself in 100 years with sites that don't matter to people. But if you're going to engage people and engage certainly the youngsters on the island, you've got to have a lot of discussion and good opportunities for people to be involved. That the information is shared, artifacts are held within the community museums. It was very interesting that some of the opinions from local people was that it's almost an expert's position to be prioritizing these sites. Yes, we need the experts so then we can do it. We're just going, we're picking a speed and taking it up. We need expertise and we need people from outside to help us and I think collaboration is key here. In an ideal world then we'd like to see that we get regular visits from archaeologists. I think the emphasis should come from the local community and then they should get all the necessary people round the table to talk about what the best approach would be. That's up to the experts. I don't know enough of what archaeology to do with that. What I've seen over the last 10 days is really that's how we can start some of those conversations. This is how we start to frame some of those discussions and get towards some of those decisions. So I've been so grateful for the chance to have those discussions, watch them happen, meet a lot of the people and I'll be taking those stories back with me to the US. So thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Marcy. So let's go back to the PowerPoint. Oh no, that's not me. Can you do the next thing? Great. Well thanks very much. So here are the questions. You've just seen the views of a lot of people and deliberately I didn't actually say who was who. You might have recognised some of the people and you might have been able to work out from the accents who were local and who weren't local but maybe not in every case.