 Good afternoon. My name is Dr. Ambaresh Kumar and now we are going to start a discussion session on presentation skills. I am sure that most of you have gone through the lecture slides on data presentation and presentation skills. So let us try to discuss if you have any questions, doubt, I will try to answer all of those. Let us go to Malana Ajat College. Sir, my question is related to workplace communication. Yes, in particular on what? Sir, I want to ask that sometimes in a communication there occurs a situation, we call it snowball effect. How to come over it or how to prevent it? For this, I am not the best person to answer this question. So I will suggest that you please post this question into the discussion forum and she would answer it. Okay? If you have any questions related to data presentation and presentation skills, please ask that and I would clarify that. Please post your question in the discussion forum. Knowledge institute, Salem. Hello. Good evening, sir. Good evening. I am Sharad from Knowledge Institute of Technology. My question is based on when we are working in a corporate company and that too in a team, how to manage with the team, sir? Because as we are engineering students, we are given a lot of training on how to deal with latest technologies and missionaries, but we are not even concerned about how to deal with people. In a big corporate company, we have to know how to deal with people so that we can develop the product in a great manner. My great thing is that how to create a bond between the colleagues so that we can do that product even better. Sharad, very good question, but I would say that again, this question is not something which is related to my module on data presentation. So what I will suggest that please post this question in the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member will answer your question. Is there any question related to data presentation from your college, from any student? Hello, sir. Good afternoon. I am Divya from Mechanical Engineering. Now we are in the third year, sir. We are going to go to fourth year and we are in a level where we have to present a project and we have like we cannot put all the details in the project. It should be like 2 to 3 pages of the project and it should be in a clear manner how to present itself. Okay. Again, this something which is not related to this module, but I would say that whenever you are writing a report, please make sure, please write it in such a way. What you should do? You should really emphasize why you are doing this project, why it is so important and what will be the outcome of this project. Okay. So other than this, I think what you should also do, post this question on the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member who has covered the presentation skills module will answer this question in a detailed manner. The centres which have questions related to my module, the module by Professor Ambar Richmore should raise the hand and I will be very happy to answer all of those questions. For other sections, you please post a question on the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member will answer your queries. Asia Pacific Institute, Haryana. Sir, I am Anupama Mishra and I am from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Panipat. I have a question for you. When it is appropriate for a speaker to use humor, why he is presenting? So her question is why it is important for a speaker to put some humor in the talk or whenever he or she is doing the teaching. When you are teaching, it is very important that you are basically keeping the entire class with you and therefore it is often a good idea to put something which is let us say not even related to the subject and it keeps the students interested in your talk. I mean that is the simple answer I have. This is Yastraj Bharadwaj from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology. So my question is I was going to the PPT mentioned in the IT Bombay site and I saw a line like written drafts should not be using variables. How should we plot the variables on a graph? Normally when you are making a two dimensional plot, you have two axis, one of them is called horizontal axis and the other one is called vertical axis or y axis. So when you are making a plot between x and y that means you are trying to understand the relation between two variables x and y ok. So whatever is your x variable, you put that thing on the x axis and whatever is the variable which is related to the vertical axis you put that thing on the y axis. If you are trying to look at the connection between two variables x and y, one variable will be on the x axis and the other variable will be on the y axis. So basically if you are making a plot between just two variables or 2D plot, one variable on one axis and the other variable on the other axis. Does that answer your question? Question is how do we select the variable? Ok question is how do we select the variable. So whenever you are you have to make a plot, there are two things there are variables can be of two types. One of them can be called independent variable and the other one is called dependent variable. Independent variable is the one ok which decides the value of the dependent variable. For example, if you are engineering student you know that if you write y is equal to fx then in that case y is a function of x. X is considered as an independent variable and y is taken as a dependent variable. So whenever you are making a plot, your independent variable has to be normally on the x axis or on the horizontal axis and your dependent variable has to be always on the vertical axis or on the y axis. I mean by looking at the variables itself, it is very easy to identify which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable. Scale a graph according to like if you are having a really big data, how do we scale a graph? Independent data is not that big but the dependent one is larger one. Ok. So how do we scale it? Very good question. Excellent question. So his question is if your dependent data is very large, how do you scale it? So normally when you are talking about the dependent variable whose values can differ by a large order of magnitude that means suppose you have a dependent variable whose value can go from let us say 0.001 to up to something like 10 to the power 6, 10 to the power 7 and so on. In those cases people do not use a normal graph paper. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic graph paper. It is very common in electrical engineering that people try to look at the variation of the frequency over a big range. So sometimes people go from very small frequency let us say 10 hertz and they go to mega hertz and giga hertz. Now if you have to plot such a big variation, you cannot use a normal graph paper. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic graph paper. So whenever your range of variable is I mean the values of the variable quantities are dependent variable is very large. In that case you do not use the axis as a normal axis. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic axis and in the market if you go you will also find log graph papers ok. They are also called log papers. Did you get the answer to your question? Thank you sir. I got it. But one last question. Yes please. It was written there was a statement there do not use figures unnecessarily and pace and are costly what like costly means there. Ok the thing is that normally if you are writing a paper and if you are sending it to publishing house most of the publishing house charge you some money for publishing your paper ok and normally it goes by the number of figures and the number of pages that are there in your manuscript ok. So if you are having and there is also a policy sometimes they do not charge for the black and white figures. But if your figures are colored figures then they charge a lot of money and normally people in developing countries do not have that huge amount of money to pay. First point I was trying to make is that try to reduce the length of your article if you can do because it will save the number of pages. And the second thing is that since graphs take a lot of space there are some trivial observations you should not probably put them in the main text of the paper. You can if you can replace them by some statement that will be really good. That way you can save the page charge edge ok. Thank you. Thank you. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. I just want to ask you if a group of people are working on a one project and individually they have their own analysis and if we want to represent that all of those analysis you know one report how we can represent that in a data structure or you know other formats. Ok. Very good question. His question is that suppose there is a group of people who have worked on one project everything is identical and everyone has got his own analysis how you will present that data in one single graph right. So normally when you have a collection of data and you want to show you do not want to show the observation of just one person but you want to show the observation of the entire group. Similarly in those cases what you can do you can take the average of all of those observations for the selected number of data points and plot the average and if you want to show that how much was the variation for each of the individuals of that group you can also plot the standard deviation. Ok. Thank you sir. Good evening sir. 1 0 6 1 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. Is the graphical interpretation necessary for after presentation? Well as I think I have also mentioned in the lecture that normally people do not like to see the numbers ok. People like to see the things visually. So let us see if you have an observation or a data set then the best thing is that do not show the data as such. If you can make a nice graph out of your data that is the best thing you can do and if you want to even take that thing one level up then if you can make the animation or video of how the things are varying with time that would be the best thing to include in a presentation. Thank you sir. And one more question. Yes. As I am an IT student let me know in our field where does the graphical necessity would be? I mean nowadays most of the IT students go to the software companies right. Nowadays a new thing has started in this world and that is called data mining where a huge chunk of data is available from various resources and people are trying to analyze the data ok. And this is where it becomes very important to understand using the data which is already which has been already generated and let us say is available either in a private domain or in a open forum how do you use that data to make conclusions about different things. So I think it is very important for even IT student to learn how to make sense of the huge amount of data which is available. I would also like to add that I mean if you do a Google search you will find that a lot of business companies like Google, Amazon and other things in order to sell their product they do a lot of data mining that means they try to understand the behavior of the consumers and other things what kind of products they are buying. And in order to understand all of that it becomes very important to understand what kind of data you should collect and how you should present it to the say your company board. Thank you sir. 1-2-0-5 go ahead for your question. Hello, good afternoon sir. Sir my name is Prince, I am from MGM college of Noida and we want to ask one question that how to represent it is a scenario based question that is the Oracle has recently removed many engineers from the department and it has got the profit of 5% from its business and earn profit from more than 10% from it removing on the employees. How to interpret that such kind of data in qualitative and quantitative? Well, the thing is that I cannot make a comment on these kind of company decisions until I have already seen the data from the companies ok. So, I do not know what kind of data the company CEOs and other things have seen and based on that they have made the interpretation. Since I do not have any knowledge about that data I cannot make any comment on that. Sir that is another question that how to get relate such kind of data but it is correct or incorrect how to get the removal of price data from that. I think one of the things which I mentioned in my lectures let us say if you are trying to make a graph ok. One of the things which you should see that if you have a trend in the graph and if you see that if there are some data points are not following that trend then probably you should go and check back whether the observation which you made for that those particular data points were correct or not that is the only way to check. I mean check see if there is a trend in the data and if there are data points which are deviating from a given trend only that is the way to find out whether your data is correct or not. Most of the data points are following a trend and there are few of them which are not following a given trend then it is possible that you have made some mistakes in the measurement while doing any calculation or anything like that. Good evening sir. My name is Megha. We have a question that if we have some raw data how do we set it like in which form we should represent it in a presentation. Ok. Can I ask you to be more specific when you say raw data, raw data collected from what kind of source? You are in your lectures you have mentioned that figures should be used more often in case when representing the data rather than tabular form. Right. So if I have some data a survey of a college students on their marks or something like that in what form should it be represented in a presentation? Well obviously if the number of students in your college are 1000 then if you are going to put that thing it will take several, several pages right. And if you want to make a presentation let us say this was the performance of the students in a given exam for this college then obviously you cannot show these 1000 numbers to anyone. In those cases you have to make a plot because people do not have time to look at those 1000 data points. So best strategy when you have a huge chunk of data and you have to show the group statistics best thing is to make a plot. Does that answer your question? Yes sir. Thank you sir. 1043. Go ahead for your question. Good afternoon sir. My students will ask you a question. Hello sir. Good afternoon. Myself Krishna Dhikkar. What is significant of outlay? Whenever you want to see let us say correlation between two variables. You make something called a scatter plot ok. Idea behind making a scatter plot is that you want to see if these two variables have any correlation ok. Now it is possible that when you are making a scatter plot some of the data points may not follow a trained ok. It is possible that some of the data points might be completely off from the trained and those data points are called outliers. Now there are two things which can happen. One possibility is that you got the outlier due to some mistake or you made a mistake while doing the calculation. So outliers are those things which are not following the trained and whenever you are getting an outlier in a scatter plot it is always a good idea to go back and check that particular data points to find out whether you have really made a mistake or your outlier point is telling you something interesting about that particular data point or observation ok. Thank you sir. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. Sir I wanted to ask you about data interpretation like it is used for seen exams whatever exams you are preparing for like there is some weightage. So can you please show me how can we memorize it easily? How can we memorize what? I mean I am not sure what you mean by data interpretation. Can you be more specific? So what she wants to ask is how can we use all these graphs and charts and whatever the data presentation methods available to us for better memory retention for exams and all those things. Basically what I will suggest that you know there are different kind of plots which a student can make ok and these different kind of plots are made for different kind of purposes. So one of the things which you have to learn is that which type of plot or graph is appropriate for which type of data. If you just remember that one I think your job is done and whenever you have a new type of data you can always deal with it and you can make the appropriate kind of plot for that. So I think this is not something which is there is a lot of information which you have to memorize. All you have to memorize is if you want to see you if you want to get a certain kind of interpretation from a given graph what kind of graph you should be making. How is it different kinds of graphs or plots? There are only a couple of them. Good afternoon sir. Where we are getting quantum data which is in 4D where do you represent that in 2D or how to represent that in 4D data in 2D? So normally what people do I mean 4D is something which is very hard to visualize because we live in a 3D world. Is it correct? Yes. You agree with me? So our intuition is only for the 3D world. So normally what people do a lot of variables and you want to see how the things are varying then in that case out of those 4 variables you can fix the value of one of the variables at a given point and then you make a 3D plot. Then you make a second 3D plot by fixing the variable of value of the fourth variable at some other point and this is how you can make the visual representation of your 4D data. All you have to do is that out of 4 possible variables take few values of the fourth variable and then make the 3D plots for those. Okay. So which type of chart or graph we have to use in that data? In those cases you have to make a 3D plot and there are a lot of software which can do it. For example, one of the commercial software is Matlab and then other than that there are also many other ones like GNU plot which is the open source one. They are also open source version of Matlab which one can use. So there are many software which are available both commercially as well as as an open source for making the 3D plots. You have to do a Google search. Okay. Thank you sir. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. So my question is in data I am a student in your student we have errors in data in serving of land we have errors. So how to represent that error? Well, I mean whenever you say error what kind of errors are those when you make a mistake in recording your data like what kind of errors? The reading type of data observation. So basically what you can do I am not sure whether if you are doing the things correctly then you should not be get anything like an error. Okay. There can be just a variation in the data. If your measurements are correct okay all you can expect is the variation in the measurement right. You are trying to measure the value of a certain quantity. If you are doing it or your friend is doing it data is going to be slightly different because everyone has a slightly different style of recording the data okay. So what you can do in those cases if there is a variability which is coming because of the change of the person okay or change of the day or anything in those cases you basically plot the data take the average of the data along with that you also show the standard deviation. Okay sir. Thank you sir. Double one three one go ahead for your question. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. So my question is that can you give us a brief knowledge about the error bars with a real time example how to represent the data if using error bars giving an example If you have gone through the lecture slides there are many different kind of error bars okay. Real life example is go to your lab go to your lab and let us see you are trying to a group of students are trying to measure let us say length of a rod okay. Now everyone is using the same scale okay rod is same but if different students are measuring it their readings might be slightly off from one another right. So question is how you will present their data because one student records something as the other one for other one it can be slightly different. And therefore along with the average of the length of the rod you have to also say what was the variation okay. So in those cases either you can plot you can report the length of the rod along with either standard deviation or standard error of the mean. So basically you can find out many real life examples in the lab itself okay. I just give you example of measurement but there could be many other things. Sir one more question is there. Suppose we have to represent a data in which more than two entities are there. So which is the best way to represent the data. What do you mean by more two entities means you have total two dependent variables or just the one independent variable and one dependent variable. Sir there would be one independent variable out of which other two are dependent on this. So in those cases people can make a 3D plot. So what you do on x axis you plot the independent variable and y on y and z axis you plot the dependent variable. So rather than making a 2D plot you have to make a 3D plot and as I said to some other college that there are many commercial as well as free softwares for making the 3D plots. Thank you sir. 1058 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. I am Ritika from third year computer engineering and the question is based on error bars. How do I add error bars on scatter plots? So you can always add the error bars on the scatter plot okay. Normally if you are making a scatter plot then you are just plotting the average of the data okay. Let us say you are making a scatter plot so each of the data point if it is just not single observation then on the scatter plot actually you are plotting the average of the values for each of the data points and then along with that average either you can use the standard division if you want to show the spread of the data or you can show the standard of the mean if you want to show the variability of the mean. So it is possible to plot the error bars. 1228 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. I am Vibhiana Preeti from Loyla Aikam college. Sir actually can you suggest some formal presentation and data visualization tools for us to give a good presentation. Well I think most of the people who like to work on a window system most of them use power point and people who work on let us say Linux system in those cases people use open office. So those are the main tools which people use for making the presentation. I am not sure if that was your question. And then for graph plotting you can use different kind of software. For example even Microsoft Excel can give you very good plots similarly open office if you go to the open office you can also make very good 2D plots. If you want to make 2D as well as 3D plots you can use something called GNU plot in both Windows and Linux. And other than that if you want to make really very good for scientific papers then people use something called GRACE or XM GRACE. Thank you sir. Center 1178 go ahead for your question. Sir how can we use PID graph using scatterplot. I will say that what you have to do in this case it will be very hard to normally scatterplot is made between only 2 variables. So what you have to do you have to keep make the many many scatterplots by fixing the values of all the remaining 3 variables. Even in 3D you can make a scatterplot but if you want to make it I mean if you have a 5 variables then you have to fix the constant value of the 2 variables only then it is possible. Next question is how to maintain one body language at presentation. I will say that body language is something which I do not cover in my module this is covered by some other instructor. So please post your question on the discussion forum and the concerned instructor will reply back to your question. Center 1318 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. My question is is there any point rule that can help me to determine which data points I can skip in my presentation. Well I would say that when you are working on a problem I think and you are going to present it. I think you are the best person to decide what is the important thing to say and what is not so important. I think when you are making a presentation you have to decide what is very important for people to show and what is less or not so important to show. So I think when you are making a presentation it is you who is going to decide which is the most important part of my work which I should present to the people. You are the person who knows it best. What is the important part of the work which I have done? Also sir when I am presenting my presentation should I try to keep it as simple as possible or should I present the most data I can. Although it is not directly related to my module but what I will say that whenever you are making a presentation. In front of you there might be a group of people who do not know anything about your field. There might be people who have some idea about the problem and there might be very expert people. And when you are making a presentation it is very important keep this thing in mind that your presentation should be in such a way that everyone should at least understand some of it. So I think it is a good idea to keep the presentation simple and it is very important to show only your important data okay even if you have a huge set of data collection but if it does not give any information to the people okay there is no point of showing it. Thank you sir. Gentle 1-1-5-4 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. I am K. S. Peder. Fine layer mechanical engineering from Tante Priyar Government Institute of Technology. My question is I take the one exponential equation. The equation is two variables available. I take the only one variable is the input and another one is the output. I have put in the input is more than 300 data, 300 data output is available. I use this equation. I directly represent the this output in graph. Two method is follow. Okay so you have 300 data points as an input to the equation and then you are getting 300 data points as output. What is the question now? Exponential equation directly represented in graph. Exponential equation you have 300 input points and you are getting 300 output points right. So what is your question? I do not find out the data output but I directly represented in graph. Two method I follow. One of the things you can do you can write a small code and you put all of those 300 data points if they are equally spaced then even a small computer program will give you all of those 300 y values for the exponential function okay. Or if you want to make both plot as well as you want to get the values one of the best thing you can do you can put your x variable in a column in a excel file you put the formula for the variable in the second column and just use the drag option it will give you all the y values and then you make a plot in the excel itself or open office. Okay sir that input is less than 10 or under means is okay. But more than 300 is time consumption is very large. So how do I follow the easy method because I do the main project. Calculation time consumes very much because 300 data is available. So I directly represent the output in graph. Less than 100 means it is possible to calculate calculating by directly. But more than 300. No, so what I am saying that means you already have 300 data points x data points and you want to get the corresponding y data points right. And you have some exponential function right. So y is equal to fx right. So if you do not want to do a calculation by hand what I am saying write a small simple computer program okay. Which where you can read the x values from a file and then do the calculation using that computer program it will just take one line. And then you write all the output values in another file you can get everything. So read the data input data from a file and do the calculation and then write the output data for those 300 data points in a file. Very simple it will not take more than 2 minutes. Why did you know the computer programming otherwise you can take the help from excel. You type in all the 300 values and then you use the exponential function and then use the drag option it will give you everything in a minute okay. Okay sir but it is the best language for creating the program okay. So what I will say that one of the simplest language which I use is called formula translation for drawn okay. Then nowadays C language is very often used in many colleges. So one can use C, C++, Java okay. He just wants to learn our Fortran and C. Scientific calculation people use Fortran. Sir could you please clarify or support the outline. Okay so outliers are the data so suppose you are making a scatter plot between one independent variable and a dependent variable. Normally if you are trying to see the correlation you will see a trend. But if you find that there is some data point which is not following a trend okay. Then that data point will be called outlier. You can have outliers only in scatter plot. Yes I mean in general even in if you are making a 2D plot if there is a if you see a trend and if something which is out of trend then it is possible that one that thing can be also outlier. Could be due to mistake of your measurement or could be due to mistake of your calculation. Sir I cannot understand. So I am saying that outliers are normally seen when you are making a plot between a dependent variable and independent variable. That means when you are making an X and Y plot. So scatter plots are normally used to see the correlation between two sets of data okay. Let us say how does the temperature of a place varies when you go to different heights okay. We know that if you if you try to make that kind of plot what we know that as we go to high and higher and higher heights the temperature decreases okay. Now suppose you are trying to do this measurement. Ideally you expect that the trend of the graph should be linearly decreasing with the height. But it is possible that when you are making that plot one or two data points is not following that linear trend. It is not along that linear curve okay. So those points will be called outliers. Okay sir I understand what is outlier. But I am asking we have outliers only in scatter plots. Yes normally in the scatter plot which is a plot between independent variable and dependent variable you see the if there is data point which is of the trend that point is called outliers. So it is defined for the scatter plots. Thank you. Center 1151 go ahead for your question. What are the cases in table representation is better than the graph representation. What are the cases where table representation is better than graph representation okay. So when you have just a few data points when making a graph may not convey that much information I think in those cases you can make a table. But if your data set is really used then you should really avoid the table. So what I will say that when you have a large set of data and a data has a trend which you can see visually then in those cases you should use graph and if your data set is small okay and normally if you do not see expect to see a trend in the visual representation you should use a table. Thank you sir. One more question. Yes. Sir I want to ask that should I have audio or video presentation in the video representation in the presentation. Okay so very related question but very good question. So first thing is that when you are making a presentation don't put a lot of text a lot of text on your slides because you know if you put the text then people will be just reading the text and they will not be listening to you. I mean that is that is what the human nature is and that is what my perception is and therefore use less amount of text then if you if you have to present a data point a set of data let's say then you make a graph instead of a table okay because people like to see the things visually and if your let's say data is varying with time okay and if you want to see something which is varying with time or if you want to see any variation if you can make a visual representation of that in form of animation okay then I think that is the best thing to do okay so I think graph is better but video is the best especially when you are doing a working in the area of biology most of the times people also put the videos or animation of their observations or their calculations so the short message is that graph is always better than text and video or animation is always better than a graph. What are the common power point errors that we should avoid? One of the common power point error is don't use too many slides okay because many people start to make the power point slides they just don't keep a track of the time when people are doing a teaching or presentation normally they make a huge number of slides and it turns out that most of the time they are not able to finish their presentation in time that is the first mistake they make okay the second thing is that they try to put a lot of text on one slide that is something one should avoid okay if you put a lot of text they end up spending a lot of time in going through that text okay and sometimes the font size is so small that people who are sitting even at a distance of 1 or 2 meter cannot see okay those are the common mistakes which people make while making PPT presentations. Thank you sir. One more question what are the things that I should keep in mind while like starting the design of the presentation? First thing is that let's say when you are giving a research talk or anything which you should do you should try to spend some time on giving the introduction of the problem and why you are working it and why it is important. Sir 1, 2, 9, 2 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir I am Akash Adho and sir my question is from a given graph can we detect the quantitative characteristics as well as quality Yes of course when you have a graph it gives you both the information at the same time it gives you the quantitative information of the data let's say you have made a plot between the height of a place and temperature of a place okay so for each of the heights you know the temperature okay so that is the quantitative information now let's say when you look at this graph you see that it has a decreasing trend okay so this also tells you qualitatively that if you go to higher and higher heights then the temperature decreases so a graph actually can help you to make both quantitative observation as well as qualitative observations. Thank you sir. Good evening sir I have one question how can we use a chart of making effective presentation on any topic? Which type of chart? Whenever you have to present data okay either from an experiment or from an observation and if you want to make a presentation in that case you have to make a chart to present that data okay in other cases it is not required only if you have a data to show only then you show a plot or chart. Any other question? Thank you sir. Center 1162 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. My question is that as you have explained earlier that the general convention while representing an independent and dependent variable in a two-dimensional graph is that we normally plot the independent variable in an x axis and then the dependent variable goes on y axis. Yes. But the economists do not think to follow this convention like specifically in case of demand and supply graph like is there any special reason behind it? The price which is usually when we plot price and quantity in a demand graph or a supply graph. What we do is that we plot price which is usually an independent variable on y axis and then the quantity which is dependent on y axis. So you are talking about a 3D plot right? Price, demand and supply. No it's price and quantity. So there are two variables price and quantity and what is your question? And usually price independent variable and quantity demanded depends upon price like if you alter the price there is a change in quantity demanded. Yeah of course it is very obvious right that if something is very expensive I will not buy it and therefore I mean people will not buy it until they are really in a great need of that ok. In those cases it is the price which decides whether people are going to buy it or not. In those cases if people plot the demand on the y axis I think it is reasonable to do it. But normally the convention in economics is that we plot this price on y axis quantity demanded on x axis. Ok. So what I will suggest you because I am not from the field of economics please post this question in the discussion forum I will look at the reference book and if you have some reference book please also write that from which reference book you are quoting this and I will try to answer your question why it is like that in the field of economics ok. Then from what we use in science and engineering ok. There is one more question. Yes. How do we differentiate this moderation and medias whenever we are studying relationship between two variables let say three variables and we will not know the nature of all three variables. So how do we go about studying if any of these variables is and moderation and mediation effect like how do we identify these things. For the first time whenever we are studying some let say in exploratory three variables. Two of them are dependent and independent. Let say the third variable we want to know what kind of effect it has on this or how does it affect the relationship. How do we go about. We are using the word moderation and. Mediation. Again I am not from the field of economics. So what I will say that whatever you have you are asking very specific question from the field of economics and unfortunately I am not from the field of economics. So I will say that you please post this question I will look at the book and then I will answer your question because I do not want to give a wrong answer I am not from the field but I will read your question I will try to answer it. Thank you very much. It looks like if there is any question please hand raise otherwise if you do not have any questions as of now please post them on the discussion forum and we will answer those questions. So if there are no further questions we will end this session and I would like to thank you for being a part of this discussion. Yes please go ahead. Hello sir I am Alisha. Good evening sir. Good evening. Yes Alisha please go ahead with your question. Okay sir so my question is what sequence should we follow to represent the data in which sequence we can present the data in a better manner. I will answer it. So first thing is that when you are collecting data you are working on a problem right. So first thing is that you state the problem for the audience that what is the problem and why this problem is important then you discuss the methodology solving that problem okay. How did you collect the what was the methodology for collecting that data and then you show them that okay look I have collected this data and this the this how the data looks like these are the plots and then you try to make the inference from the data okay. So the data which I have collected for this particular problem tells me this this and this. So you then you make your conclusions based on what is the right sequence to do the things. Okay sir thank you I have one question more. Yes. So what should we add what should we can add to the data representation to make it more catchy to make it more interesting. So I think I have already answered it for some of the colleges whenever you are showing a data okay. If a data shows a trend do mention that there is a trend in the data okay and then if you can make an animation of your data something is changing with time or something is changing with the distance okay if things are changing if your data shows that things are changing then if you can make an animation of that that will be the best thing to do rather than showing the graph itself because graph gives you a static picture okay and if you make an animation people like to see the and if you show the things are varying in your presentation then it it is it really makes people interested in your work. Okay sir thank you hello sir Hello. Present the more data like the people count of village and number of women men and again the educated people non-educated people all data related to village put in one single graph it is allowed. So let us say if you have gone to a village and you have made different kind of observation number of educated people and like that right that is what is your question in these cases what you are doing you are although you are making the observation over one population let us say population in a village but your data sets are not related to one another like you are looking at the number of educated people number of uneducated people let us say their weight their height other things so in these cases I think what you can make is a bar chart and each of these observations like number of educated people will be one bar number of uneducated people will be one bar and then number of people let us say with kids will be one bar and so on yes you can show them all of them in one one graph. Thank you sir. Good evening sir. I am Tahir from Pacific Institute of Technology Uduku. Sir my question is which software is used to draw the graph in civil engineering? Which software is used to draw the graph in civil engineering? Well I am not a person from civil engineering but I do work on traffic problems ok and for me any software which can make 2D plots like I work on let us say I look at traffic flow on a road ok so for making those kind of plots like flux versus density I can use any software available excel or xm grace or anything so it really depends on like you know civil engineering is a very big field I am not sure about which particular problem you are working on it really depends on like what you really want to represent so I cannot give you very particular advice but for me most of the things which fall into the domain of civil engineering for me can be done using any plotting software. Thank you sir. Now we are closing this discussion session and I would like to thank you for being with me for this session.