 So, although my title is focusing on advances in software spectral typography and I will underline the word spectral because that's really my passion, understanding spectroscopy using important things. I think I'm going to hijack the talk a little bit and slip in some non typography results in the context of major trust that my group is working in collaboration with Jim Higgins and I, I'm not going to get a pointer. Anyway, so my my collaborator is a young assistant professor in the chemical engineering department at McMaster has expertise in many areas of energy materials, and also a lot of experience in syncretron techniques, primarily to absorption but he was also a staff scientist at Stanford for the latter part of his three year postdoc there. And one of this time also to acknowledge my very talented students and a Iraqi who really done a lot of the fascinating things in the area that I want to focus on, which is using sticks and typography to study. Electrochemical reactions in an aqueous media inside the sticks and so in we're doing in-sync to modifications of samples and measuring the changes that are happening with the microscopy techniques. So, here's John Yang and hey, another person I want to mention at the beginning also is my collaborator, Martin Pops, who really helped up set up the CLS system, but very recently he's made some tremendous advances in the technology for doing in-sync to full electrochemical systems in sticks, in the South Country sticks area, which as you will see is quite challenging and it's really due to the creativity of him and the students that we really need to do the experiments. So what you have in the middle is a playback of one of the type of in situ typographic measurements that we make. We're working at the copper L-edge around 940 ee, where you can very nicely identify the oxidation states of copper, I'll talk about that more later. But what I want to show you that is this is a set of images recorded through the edge copper to the edge and those changes there can be very readily converted into maps of the oxidation state species. And just to show as a single frame, one-to-one comparison of sticks on the pyrography, you see a very nice improvement of spatial resolution. That was work that was done at the Soleil sticks of beeline permits in October of last year. So this is speaking to the converted here very quickly. We know that one of the strong points of using coherent x-rays is that you can diffract from various objects, both periodic and aperiodic. And looking at that diffraction pattern with the appropriate analysis, we can invert it into a complex refractive index signal from the sample and a complex light wave field signal, which is the x-ray probe coming into your sample. And so this diffraction pattern, spectral pattern, sometimes people call it, is essentially a transform of the properties in the old imaginary space of the object and the probe. And this goes back a long ways, now along with the Nash-Kirch, Chris Jacobson at NSLS-1 had some very early demonstrations that you could find ways to solve phase problem. So the issue and the challenge of conventional CDI is that you basically are taking a single diffraction image and trying to determine properties of a probe and object from inverting that single image. It can be done. There's all sorts of fancy mathematical ways to do it. But in general, it's challenging. If you don't have a decent starting point for your object to go functions, it's hard to get reliable convergence and there'd be crazy schemes where you would launch maybe 200 tries at it and you take the 100 best, this sort of thing, which is not the most satisfactory way of doing science. If you add one more component and do what could be called standing CDI, otherwise known as tachycography, we can use the overlapping space to place constraints on the mathematical reconstruction process. And in addition to be very much improving the ability to reconstruct the datasets in these multiple sample points with overlap. This also allows you to essentially go to a much, much larger field of view. And it works much more like a conventional microscope than a physics standard. It is still complex to process to reconstruct it, but the codes that are available nowadays have a very high degree of reliability. You can do the reconstruction and believe the result instead of having to sort of take a statistical approach. So how do we do this in soft x-ray? We adapt a scanning transmission x-ray microscope, which is a zone plate focusing device where normally you would have a single channel detector. We typically use a phosphor to down convert soft x-rays to the visible region and then use classic microphones for multiple through internet. So in the normal sticks, we're limited by the properties of the zone plate. And zone plates are quite good in the soft x-ray. You can have ones which will give you 10 nanometer spatial resolution, more typically people are getting more like 30 nanometers. And it's a relatively efficient technique. So if we add at the back of the sample, change that single point detector for a single x-ray sensitive x-ray camera, we are then able to do typography. And the advantage is now is that we have a platform that's designed for imaging. There's a lot of been worked over the years that have been invested in sticks to use interferometry to get very accurate positioning and accurate reading of the positions of the fold relative to points on the sample. And all of these factors mean that it's a relatively simple transition from doing single point detection transmission signals to the whole graphic experiment by taking advantage of all the effort that's been put into making sticks. Okay, so just a quick example to show the practicality and utility of this technique. This is actually one of the very first of the soft x-ray typography examples by David Shapiro and collaborators at the backslate source. And in addition to showing with a very special test pattern that they can reach down to three nanometer spatial resolution. This is what I'm interested in, respect to typography, the fact that by changing the photon energy, measuring up sequences of photon energies, we can sort out the chemistry of the sample at high spatial resolution. In this case, this is in the context of lithium battery optimization. This is a twin or an interpenetrating double crystal lithium iron phosphate particle in our lithium battery where they can charge and discharge it and show the kind of redox chemistry being one where the iron oxidation states from changes from iron two to iron three, which you see from this shift in the blue and red curves in the spectral plot. And there's a very lot of new insights that came about from the typographic studies of lithium battery materials. So this is one of the sort of things they do this technique helped contribute the understanding that in lithium batteries, the transitions in the individual particles making up an electrode don't necessarily happen simultaneously with each intercalation of the lithium into the lithium iron phosphate, the iron phosphate crystal, contributing partly what it is in fact that at least the low discharge rates individual particles change from zero to 100% iron to the iron three. And it's like bop bop bop bop. So in order to study the process of the intercalation you want to be able to identify those particles which are in the process of changing. Here, using the spectral capabilities of spectral typography, they're able to map over a region of space, those crystals which are in the reduced state iron two or in the oxidized state iron three, and they're looking for the ones that are intermediate with some species of iron or two or three, which in this color coding would be yellow. Now you guys may have fantastic color sensitivity, but I have a hard time seeing the yellow months the red and green field there. Whoops. And so this is just a very nice illustration of the value going to the higher resolution photography. It's not the same area but it's a similar area and similar materials and what you see is even with a very good sticks of 25 man in the spatial resolution, you still have a hard time identifying those particular particles you want to study, which are in the process of transitioning and therefore undergoing. Once you get the better spatial resolution of dichography and you can be multi energy mapping and see it's very, very easy to spot the crystal which can also. Okay, so that's just a quick connection to go here into traction since that's the subject for cool work. And so what I'm going to tell you a bit about is some of my work in software to start with dichography two different areas of biological example where bacteria which are being studied. And a second one in the collaboration with people at Soleil where we're pushing the full time energy range where you can do dichography. Well down below 500, which is the traditional lower limit for people using CCD expert families. So talk a little bit about that. So that is going to focus on our efforts to do in situ spectral microscopy with either sticks of work that are great to study copper catalysts like a catalyst for conversion of CO2 to more valuable reduce oxygen state materials in particular. So I'll tell you about our institute for chemical system, show you an example of work that we did in September 21 media light source on in situ sticks them. If you sense or what the value added is doing these measurements and then what we're very proud of is that last October we were able for the first time to combine the challenges of an institute for electric chemical system and hydrography, both of which are individually quite challenging at this point in time, not routine, and able to combine them so that we could do in situ. So you might ask because a lot of the people of this community are coming from a hard x-ray perspective right so we got a basically phase sensitivity, we can look at things that you don't have strong interactions with your sample, but using the technographic technique and really improve the resolution over some other spatial results, not that it's any of the samples. So, why hasn't soft x-ray technology developed as quickly and as extensively as a hard x-ray. In many ways it's limitations of the CCD cameras at the soft x-ray regime they're not efficient and hard x-ray of the beautiful dectrous cameras which have 100% sensitivity and no background. Also strong soft x-rays interact strongly with your sample. And that can be a good thing because I put it down here also some of the advantages. But it's a disadvantage and that you have to really worry about radiation damage because of that strong interaction. And so, then finally, in the practical implementation of this system, in order to couple a system to modify the property of the sample inside our microscopes, it's very hard in soft x-ray because our zone plate focal lengths are in the millimeter range. So we're trying to put a sample conditioning system with a few millimeters of space. Okay, so that's basically the pitch. You're doing standing CBI. Here's an example of the measurements I made in 2014 at the B-11 advanced light source. And what I'm doing is I'm playing back the individual points, the individual points where we're measuring these diffraction patterns. I've of course changed the scale to logarithmic scales so that you can see those scattering speckles as the beam hits these individual objects here, which are the parent sticks of image, you can't even really see what it is. So if we do the typographic inversion, you see very nicely that this is a set of magnetite chains that bacteria of a certain type like to make for reasons that we're still trying to understand. A little bit more example. Material from this example, using a 60 nanometers to 79 spatial resolution sticks and we can barely distinguish the individual magneto zones, the typography we're very much able to visualize and almost like to see the the facety of these single crystal materials to improve spatial resolution. And while we don't have the same resolution as a TDM, we are fidelity in terms of having the same image. So there are other properties of typography that are interesting. One of the ways that typography can be used to advantage is by localizing the signal after the processing in space because of your higher spatial resolution, you can become much more sensitive. So this is just an example, if you use a coarser resolution zone plate, you get a certain off the density, if you get a better zone plate, you get more off the density because we have only a 50 nanometer target, and we are spilling over the beam into areas where you don't have a proper. And so this is, I emphasize even more in typography resolution of the very small region in space. It also points out that with respect to typography, we can get higher two perspectives are going to do what you see in a true conventional transition by transmission. Okay, and so I'm not going to time to go in any of the details but this was a paper we did in 2016 and NASA just looking at one individual bacterial cell so it's about a micron long by the quarter to half a micron wide and what we found fascinating was that with this improved performance. So we can actually just start to get insights and how an individual bacteria grows these magnetizing crystals. So be here, which is a nice healthy magneto zone fully formed, you get a spectrum that's pretty much mapping on to magnetite, but you can have regions where you're in a gap between two chains, and you can still see there's iron but it's much more iron to rich because of the stronger lower energy and the up here is also a crystal that's in the process of forming, but has a slightly different signal. So we basically leverage these measurements we didn't do with that kind of people we did what's called a time series where you could follow as a population of bacteria grew higher magnetite inside their cells. And that's a whole lot of the story but reference here so by having higher spatial resolution with that kind of thing could be a wonderful follow up towards text a measure, you can really start to get insights in this case to why I'm an organization that Okay, so the other thing I want to tell you about is pushing the energy range over which you do technology as I say, most typographic systems in the world now are using CCDs at least in the soft x-ray, and it's only recently that scientific CMOS cameras that are adapted to the soft x-ray range that started become available. In fact, the group in collaboration in collaboration with the detective group here at Max four have really made these Diana cameras stand up and dance to work over energy put on engines for world energy. And so this is an example of what we did in 21 published the last year, just showing that way down at the carbon edge on the sample of carbon nanotubes, you get this sort of speckled pattern which is the signal that's given inside of spatial resolution. And what's really nice is we showed that you could get this type of typographic response using a highly focused beam so instead of a 30 or 40 nanometer focus beam six and we change our optics such that we're using one electron beam. So you can see that this is basically the spatial shape of the x-rays that we put in because one might find the projection of the annulus of his own face is where the light is. And you can see only about 30% of the light is hitting the actual carbon nanotubes, which are really different suspects. We get reasonable resolution not as good as we hoped for various reasons. And if we compare to a high resolution is also like six of, we don't see a heck of a lot of difference in spatial resolution, but we do have some advantages. So another property of interest to carbon nanotubes, they're geometrically analyst traffic so they have a strong X-ray and lead in dipoles. And so we were here by looking at maps of the same area recorded with vertical and horizontal linear polarization taking the difference, we can map very nicely linear and horizontal tubes which of course you can see from your eye. You can see this change in the response. The other thing I find fascinating is that there are potential advantages of looking at the absorption channel at the phase channel, particularly at low energy edges like the carbon edge where you might anticipate you can work at photon energies below the odds and where you can absorb and so you can to some extent reduce the problems of emission damage. That still needs to be explored and demonstrated. One of the really nice things about using de-focused beams for dichotomy is that of course you don't need as many sampling points in order to be able to build up the picture of the area you want to look at. In the last demonstration, we're looking here at 10.10 micron field review. And when we did this with one micron de-focused, we could get all the set of diffraction patterns in 10 minutes of acquisition. If on the other hand we had used the fully focused 50 nanometers of spot, it would have taken us two hours and completely carbonized example. So there are issues there. Second example that we explored again to push energy to lower energy values is set of boron nitride nano ribbons that are beautifully structured nano materials, very much like a piece of bamboo where the segments are linked to each other. And we're measuring the full spectroscopy with that geography, as well as the dichroism. And if we look at the, these are the two energies, one is the five-star boron and the energy edges. And you can see as you go to lower energy, the magnitude of the scattering, the range of it is about an order of magnitude less. In fact, there's really strong interaction there, such that the annulus, which represents just the x-rays passing through the sample without any interaction, is barely visible. All that speckle type signal, right where the annulus should be. So you're really scouting everything. Whereas in the nitrogen ones, even though it's very quality, the speckles are better defined, the annulus itself is the dominant signal in the images that we get the diffraction. So all we can do here is we can use the spectral typography characteristics to do that quality mapping of these one nanotube tubes and you can start to get insights from the way the spectroscopy varies across and along the structure of the nanotubes. Okay, so now to the main piece, is there a clock somewhere? No. Just give me a, okay, so I better move on. So, you know, why am I, am I interested in why do I think other people should be interested in pushing spatial resolution speckle capabilities from a pure study. The motivator here really is the idea that we can improve all the catalysis for various types of conversions, we are able actually to use so-called excess renewable energy. We know now it's much cheaper right now to generate electricity by solar and wind power, it's not unfortunately always at the time you want it. And so there could be a win-win situation here where you can use the excess capacity under high wind, there's a great base to do a chemical or electrochemical transformation and use this as a carbon fuel cell. So, this is typically then going to be a device where you have to combine some sort of catalyzed CO2 reduction with an oxygen evolution reaction to transform CO2 into other products. And again, the vision is that we know the private and secret environment that has nothing to do with Massachusetts. So, how are we going to improve this? We need to optimize catalysts, so we need to be able to understand what's happening when the catalytic reactions are happening. And that's why the precious things. And again, this has been a master for three years now, set up a very ambitious set of experimental teams dealing with all aspects from synthesis of new balance materials to integration into devices to electronic evaluation and various characterization. So his expertise is in by the X-ray spectroscopy on the characterization side, and we're collaborating then to combine soft and hard X-ray techniques to study materials. So this is more of a schematic of a practical device, feeding CO2 in and then looking at the output in terms of analyzing the chemical species point. And the thing you notice that although reducing CO2 from its four plus oxidation state to a two plus oxidation state in carbon monoxide or formic acid can be catalyzed by a wide range of metal elements. So if you want to go to making carbon-carbon bonds and carbon and sectively the hormone zero oxidation state, copper is the only game. So there's a lot of focus right now to optimize copper-based electrocatalysts. So we'll go through this quickly. While these catalysts work, they don't work very efficiently and they have uncontrollable product specificity. So the two main goals make it more efficient and get it such that you can tune a good catalyst structure so that you produce one particular product in higher yield. And of course, that means from a chemist point of view, you want to understand the mechanisms so that you can start to doctor the surfaces of catalysts to push the reaction. So I'll give you a little segue on the sixon because it's important to understand how we process our data. We process the spectro-technology data essentially the same as our sixon data. What we're showing you here is the playback of the copper deposition on the working electrode in our in-situ device at the copper 2P edge. And this is just a small area of the total area in study. And we can take the data set, which is a spectrum in each pixel in the area of study, and fit it to reference spectrum, which can be recorded separately on your materials. And if we do that, whoops, I lost my tears. If we do that, you can basically derive what are called component maps. And if these reference spectrum on a quantitative response basis, up to that speed per nanometer, we can get quantification. So the grayscale of each component map is quantitative in terms of nanometer thickness. If it's a bright light, we're at the maximum of 22.34 nanometers. And we can then combine these in some sort of liquid blue composite to really understand what's happening. And so what you'll be seeing is an awful lot of these color composites, and not an awful lot of wasps. Okay, so a little segue into spectroscopy. The copper 2P edge is just beautiful for studying the issue of oxidation states of copper tablets. And why? Because if you look at copper metal, it's got a de-can S1 configuration, and there's only that 4S hole that you can do the transmission. And that's this big broad peak here, because it's a metal well-defined structure that presumes as well. If you go to the copper 1 oxidation state, now you have a 4S-0, so you get a stronger transition, but more or less at the same energy. And the interesting thing is in contrast to virtually all the other of the 3D transition metals, when you go to the highest oxidation state copper 2, 3D-9, you're opening a hole in the 3D state, and you've got this whopping big transition, because P2D transitions are much stronger than P2S transitions. And so you have very, very clear differentiation of these spectral features, and we can take this energy, that energy, that energy, and decompose the chemistry in as accurate a way as if we take 50 or 100 energies to get this. And in contrast to the case shell, you can see, you don't have the same leverage. Okay, why? Because that 1S level wants to go to P's, and P will get a transition into the D's, which are chemically active electrons in 3D transition metals. So if you need to have asymmetry and get these very weak STD transitions. Okay, so how is our institute to electrochemical system work? Again, I wanted to immediately recognize that this wonderful system is from Martin Alps and Pablo Regino, a student, and it's a very simple device actually. This is basically a modified piece of printed circuit board. So we machine the back, we make contacts on the front side, and the trick is to make these electrochemically, sorry, the electrode-equipped cells, which we get from North Canada, to get the steel that I bring in the fluid and out the fluid through these vehicles on the backside of the board. So, what's special about this device? There are commercial devices that are designed to fit into soft texture stixens. They can't work with our 100 EB. This system works right down to 200 EB. This is a classic electrochemical system where they're working comparator reference electrode. And it's basically a microphoretic device in the sense that there is a blast PDMS composite channels. And the beauty of this four-channel two-in-two approach is that we can change the electrolyte very quickly. This is, in most systems, very tough because you're going down very thin into an even thinner layer. The fluid layers we want are two microns thick, and you've got to go over a couple hundred microns. And so what this is, is a demo of the speed of change in two different optical dyes, and by switching one syringe pump to pump one dye through versus the other dye, you're going to watch the imaging that the two different energies with the dye change from one to the other, and it takes place in this particular example, maybe two or three minutes, more typically it takes 10 times. Okay, so we use that to advantage. Again, the picture of the device, the inlet and outlet are two of these Tetzel tubers. Okay, so what are we looking for? Okay, we've got a tool. We're showing eventually the new technology on the system. What do we might expect to be? Well, there's two important subjects that have been argued about a lot over the last, let's say, three to four years. One is, what is the importance of the size and morphology? People are looking at the different crystal facets, they're looking at cubes or triangles, all sorts of things, and I'll show you some of this. The second sequence here is a TEM sequence showing the generation of the particles through the institute of electrochemistry, and one of the things you see when you carry out the reaction is morphology changes. The second theme is whether or not there is any oxidation state other than pure metal at the actual conditions for electric dialysis and CO2 reduction. And this is where we're going to excel because we can map out the oxidation state of the system. So our typical experiment is starting with a cooling cell, nothing on the working electrode, we have a thin area, we should have better x-ray penetration so we can do better spectroscopy at that point. By doing an electrode deposition, running a short CV, with a dilute solution of proper sulfate and potassium chloride, we can get these particles. And if we do the same experiment, the same conditions, exit you without the constraints of the small thin layer of electrolyte, we get a few hundred nanometer particles. And again, we're willing to take some resolution there, but if we go to the SEM to look at the same part of it, we're exactly in the same game. So we're looking at all of the materials. And then once we have that electrode deposited copper, we can change our electrolyte from copper sulfate, potassium chloride to bicarbonate sodium of potassium bicarbonate with a saturation of carbon dioxide, to substrate for the chemical reaction. We can measure the thickness of our fluid layer, favorable circumstances less than two microns, more typically two to three microns. And that's a nice compromise because we have enough ions in the solution to have good electrochemistry inside the cell, at the same time the water layer is thin enough. So, this is then measuring a small area of that sample. And when we do the mapping based on our reference vector and see that in this case the copper metal and the copper one C2O type materials are spatially separated. So we have green grains and red grains if you want. And now we can do a more quantitative analysis and you find that even though the mapping is essentially pure copper, there's still roughly the percent of copper one. And this is very typical of this preparation, you get this mix of copper one and copper zero. And the question is, when do they actually convert to pure copper as you go to the reductive potentials where the CO2 reduction is going to happen. And so that's the next step we do. We take our material in this case these mixed particles of copper one and copper zero, and then start to drop the potential into the region where C2O is expected. And so a little change, we lose portions of the material what the core state is talking about. So you get more negative potentials and you're seeing circles there to tell you where you're at in it. By the time you're at minus 0.2 volts versus the reversible hydrogen electrical which is about minus 0.6 in our device because we have a bold referencing. You get at least from our analysis on this pure copper and that continues all the way down. And we interpret the improved with a higher current as a signature that we are carrying the CO2 reaction. So we have a much more current in a very small class, very small series. Okay, so now we have to do quantitative analysis and we will look at this both of these four energy stacks when we talk about before plus 50 energy stacks to get better chemistry. You know, modulo a few small amounts of parent copper one, we're really saying down in the regime where the reduction is happening it's going to be pure copper. But the same experiment here Max four very much the same sort of story although we have very pretty core shell type projects where the core is copper and each particle has a surrounding of copper one so the nature of these particles starting point for the reaction really changes a lot. But again, as we go into the negative potential or series who are having its own. Okay, so let's go to the car. So here is an example with a dry sample. So, same sort of copper preparation. And what you see is on that particular green area here spectrum that definitely caught for zero, because we see the same. And not the prettiest image, but it certainly has much better than a special resolution in the first one. So, as I can show you in terms of comparison one to one of mapping the copper zero. So, can you feel the view mapping. And again, this particular example, although we don't really have a quality of the spectrum that I would like. We certainly differentiate the ones that were assigned to one from both of the proper zero, because of the absence of the zines that features. There's still some challenges for me. But last October, we had the opportunity to run at the solee sticks and take out the field. And this is very nice to camera, which is imposed in the shield. This is cooling and very fancy electronic readouts is one of these Diana cameras which has been cannibalized to very efficiently. Get the signal out while not having some of the parts of the system that he has delivered format which is basically for a super resolution. So, there is certainly technical development on the detector side that's ongoing as as we speak. So, again, we did the exit you take off the dry. Again, we got very nice results. And I'm not going to deliver this but that particular installation, you could convince yourself that if you're looking at a one by one area. The typography has done their is three to four times faster than the sticks on most because it sticks in his modification. Obviously you get better resolution, but you also get better statistics, you're putting a lot more photos for example, and at the same time because we use a different spot. We end up having a low dose. there are a lot of advantages that at first sight you would think are not going to be so this is just a question I raised. I think as tachyrography and esophageal gets more and more efficient there will be advantages particularly with the focus probes. Okay so what do we do? So here are the spectra recorded in tachyrography well and you can see that it looks just the so we're getting good spectroscopy in that system this is one of these systems again this is in a fluid cell with control of potential predominantly copper zero with some copper one do these color combination maps two ways when you get the spatial distribution even a minority species like a little bit of copper two bits present at the formation but this is a much better way in the context of experiment where you basically min-max all two of the component maps and you see it's predominantly we again get the phase spectroscopies what much not as clean as some of the other space spectroscopy we've done with other systems but it shows exactly the interesting features that the phase tip of the copper two material is a good two heads below the main 2p to 4s transition that again we can map with phase of course we don't know how to quantify the phase map and we get the same answer except that because phase is much much more sensitive to other various perturbations of the interaction of the sample and evolution of the code so it's clean as we do okay so now we're doing it all in situ here is again a 6-in-1 spectroscopy comparison which is one of the front's piece and again using one like a defocus spot and really half the time right in this particular phase the four energy maps are very nicely here and so we can map not just single energies but these chemical mapping using the four energies and tuning through the reference spectra and you can see appreciable improvement in spatial resolution again it's not record typography spatial resolution you can solve x-ray by any means but it's making improvements and the important thing is we're doing it with samples so again the sort of one where we're really starting to make contact with the problem scientific problems in the field this is now an individual one of these nanotubes okay and measured by typography under electrical conditions do the analysis we can see this particular particle is a mixed copper zero copper one we carry out the reduction conditions and CO2 saturated by carbonate and we see this onset of a current below minus 0.8 eb indicative of the CO2 reduction now we can then track both that single energies and also in terms of pencil mapping and by the time we've gotten sort of down here about minus 0.4 or so the material has become pure copper and what you do see is this transformation of the material dendritic spall asks again which has been seen much more clarity in the electron so we can address this question uh is it copper one under the CO2 conditions with our sensitivity no does the reaction involve reconstruction of particles our answer is yes that we can see modifications of the envelope okay just to wrap things up because i think i'm running out of time so just a couple of summary comments first of all uh why do you want to do spec and typography obviously the higher space spatial resolution and ultimately if we get everything tuned up stability of the instruments the stability of the probe uh we like to ultimately get to diffraction limited rewrite limited resolution which is around two man and years at the top you have the same kind of the sensitivity as classic transmission absorption and it uses the focus flag to reduce dose there are disadvantages if we use optimized x7 in fact the graph is still slower okay i think it can go a lot faster uh there are cameras coming on the market which are about two to three times faster than diana which will transmit a mega pixel image in the 20 ohm fence for 40 milliseconds the reconstruction time is still a challenge but that's getting faster and faster and there's efforts at the al s group only look at the instructions to automate the whole analysis process so that while you're measuring you're looking at real space data not at the country yeah and so really uh making an efficient system so it should rapidly switch from six into navigation and preliminary work and then high resolution studies with photography is really the goal and uh many people at different facilities working with you okay so just to summarize our efforts we had set out a target to follow electoral chemical reactions in situ we have done that very nicely i think in number of systems we want to improve resolution at situ takeography this is an example for the cms that's very much in hand uh but really what we're very happy about when we're trying to get published in uh and major communications is the uh advance of in-situ sector what we'd really like to do is have more control over the initial states of the catalyst so that we can say it's a cube or a triangle or a shell or a cube of particles etc and so far it's been a little bit hit in this and what we're going to do but it's really exciting this to be able to work at the carbon age because at the carbon age you have product and analysis capabilities we show them we can measure spectra of CO2 and the bicarbonate electrolyte we have yet to see any signs of the products of the effluent or carbon monoxide but they're nice targets from the point of view gas-based because we have a very sharp intense pie structure it should be possible it's a matter of months and weeks i'm not going to talk about that and obviously the range of studies one can do is much much beyond just CO2 production okay finalize uh final with uh some acknowledgments it's been really exciting few years so working with Drew and his very expanding group uh with regard to identifying the science of interest as with all synchrotron experiments it's so so important to have talented uh staff scientists that you can collaborate with i mentioned especially a knowledge to a full check who's most stranger here at max four help to start up the uh uh softening that sticks them straight into the bureau with advanced light source jaren line at the cls uh there's some funding sources and recognition you can see that comes here working so and there thank you very much