 overview of sugarcane policies. In Pakistan, if we look at the data of sugarcane production, we can observe that there are high fluctuations in the sugarcane production due to variation in water availability and price incentives that are provided to the producers. In fact, the government of Pakistan to stabilize the prices of sugar in the market of Pakistan during the period of high world prices adjusted import tariffs and taxes to subsidize sugar prices. In addition, the government regulated the domestic marketing and processing of sugarcane until mid-1980s. Or is the marketing reference there is a zoning of the sugar mills which required farmers to sell approximately 80% of their sugarcane in mills located in that particular zone. But this zoning of sugar mill was abolished in 1987. Or at the same time because of high cost of transportation, this zoning of sugar mills is not very much effective with reference to the economy of Pakistan. Until 2000, the federal government annually announces the support price of the sugarcane. But after 2000, this support price has been decided by the provincial government. But it is important to mention here that there is no institutional arrangement for public sector procurement of the sugarcane when sugar mills do not pay to farmers the full support price. And in fact, we can observe a wide fluctuation in the domestic production and world prices. Nominal rate of protection with reference to sugarcane is very unstable. It was on average 100% in 1960s. First half during the first half of 1970s and second half of 1980s. Or otherwise from 1962 to 2014, it was generally above 50%. Calculation of the trade production for the sugarcane was highly sensitive to the international shipping cost, milling rates and cost of processing. Generally, high shipping cost, low milling ratio that is associated with sugar per tons to the sugarcane and high cost of processing are used to estimate the border prices. High world prices, high shipping cost, low milling ratios and high cost of processing increases the import parity price. When we discuss all things in Pakistan's reference, we can observe here that domestic prices are significantly higher than the import parity price. But at the same time, there are certain other estimates that show that the domestic prices are below to the import parity price. And what you are saying is that domestic prices are below to the import parity price that is usually carried out by the sugarcane mills that indicate that domestic prices are below to the import parity price. In this table, we are reporting here about the procurement and export price for sugarcane, for khyber pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sint. So for the last 13 years, we can observe that prices of the sugarcane has been increased from 125 rupees per 40 kg to 300 rupees per 40 kg. And when we look at the production data set, about the sugarcane production for the last 13 years, we can observe here that there is a significant increase in the production of sugarcane over the last 13 years. In 2010-11, production of sugarcane was approximately 55 million tons, which was approximately 91 million tons in 2022-23. If we summarize all this with reference to fiscal year 2022-23, we can observe here that sugarcane makes a contribution of about 0.9% in GDP. And production of the sugarcane was 91.11 million tons during this fiscal year. And it provides the raw material to the second largest agro-based sugar industry. Or it is very important with reference to sugarcane, it is the major source of fodder during the winter season.