 థాందిస్వాపికారి అల్లిలు చరి మపపిలాచిటాందిందివారి. ప౸రిన్సజలిక౿ గున్షి మస్లిన్త్రంద్. పసరిన్సగుతాన్ం పమరిక్లి. So, we can say in this way also, in the innate clause, we have two alias, one alias will dominate the other alias. The dominant alias will dominate in express and the else alias will dominate in sub-press. In this way also we can explain the law of dominance. Now you are here, everyone is here. So, this is law of dominance. And law of dominance can be explained with both monohydrate clause and dihydrate clause. It can be explained both monohydrate clause and dihydrate clause. Okay, next clause is law of segregation, second law. Menden second law, law of segregation or Menden second law. What do you mean? Again we will explain this with the help of a clause only. Okay, parents. Okay, we can take any kind of parents here. Or we will start with your lines only. Same clause, here we will explain here, damage. Here we have two alias. Each alias have its own purity. It is this thing in express or this thing in express. Both will have purity of governance. This law of segregation is also called purity of governance. It will determine the purity of governance. Each alias will have its independence or it will not mix with the other alias. It will definitely segregate. Okay, here it is, it can go and clause with this thing. The same thing can go and clause with this thing. And this thing also can clause with this. And this also can clause with this. Though they are similar, they are not mixing up. They are segregating separately. They are separating, they are segregating, right? They are not mixing up altogether. Both alias will not mix up. They will segregate independently. That is law of segregation. So it will have, it will determine the purity of governance. So what does the law of segregation determine? It will determine the purity of governance. It will determine the purity of governance. Clear? The alias will not mix together. They have same character which will separate or which will not mix with any other alias. Okay. This will not go and mix with this. Either this will not go and mix with this. Even if you have a different state, both will have its independence. They will separate and form different alias and different governance which will combine to give new character or new phenotype. Right? They will separate the segregate and they will clause with different periods and they will form different gametes and gyrgout in the last. Gyrgout is nothing but which we get phenotype or genotype. See two gametes will combine to form a gyrgout, right? That is what we get, genotype or phenotype. So they will have their independence. They will segregate. They will not mix up with each other. That is law of segregation. What does that mean? Purity of governance. Okay. Next we have third law. That is law of independent assortment. When this law of independent assortment cannot be explained using monohydrate clause. It can be explained only with the help of dihybrid clause. Okay. You should have two different characters. It can be explained only using dihybrid clause. First law and second law can be explained both by using monohydrate clause and dihybrid clause. That is why I have mentioned before first law and second law it can be explained using monohydrate and dihybrid clause. Now independent assortment can be explained only using dihybrid clause. Then we have taken only one character Hybrid. Here we will take two characters. Okay. Any two characters can be taken and it has to be clause. So two hybrids are there. You are crossing with two hybrids. That is why it is called as dihybrid clause. They have to be only one character. Here we will take two characters. Okay. Suppose we can do any two characters in the field time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time, Seed time. Time. Dals time. Drink time. Seed time. Seed time. Seed time. Drink time. Drink time. But here, we have seen two different countries. That is why we have called them as monohydrate. There is a colleague here, we have two characters, he has a cross, here is the address and his name? Okay, now see here, in the minute assurance means, so now we have two Rs and two Ys. Now when we take their names, we may select the only, we have this Rs, this can move and cross, this to get combined, this Rs and this Y will combine, the same Rs will combine with this. So, the name says law of independent assortment. Like, each have their own independence. Okay, they assort independence, they are not depending on each other. Anything can go and cross with any other hurry. So, we have to ask how much we can just take one hour and cross with all the others. But it is not like that in the case when you do it practically. When it is practical, theoretical form we can do it. But practically it does not happen. When we have four separate alias, we will get four different gametes also. We will get four different gametes also. Here, all might be similar. Okay, this part go on mind with this side, this part go on mind with this side. We will get four different gametes and the same here also. We will get four different gametes. So, I think independent is the independent of each other. It is only if it is not depending on the other hurry. Okay, next let us see in detail more. Now, we have got the gametes from this side all right from here. Okay, let us cross this. The first generation we will get capital O small all capital Y small y. But what is the phenotype here? And L only. See the law of dominance can be explained. Law of segregation can be explained. What are you going to dominate? All in the F1 generation, when you start across a pure range, F1 generation period, F1 generation options will be dominant. Down angle is dominant. Down angle is dominant right. So, law of dominance and segregation can be explained right. I have to cross also. Okay, now you talk about law of independent assortment. Now, we will do self-cross here. This is F1 generation offspring and we will self-cross it. What do you mean by self-cross? Self-crossing. When we cross the offspring with the same, when we do a cross, we will get same 16 different phenotype or 16 different offspring. If we play cross with the same generation offspring, we are crossing the same generation offspring. Okay, then it is called as self-cross. Okay, now we are crossing the same generation offspring. Okay, this is called as self-cross or self-mean. Okay, when it is a self-mean, we will get 16 different phenotypes. 16 offspring's variations. How do we get 16 offspring? So, here again after this. See, it is having... Stop talking. Again here law of segregation can be explained. They are not mixing with each other. They are not mixing with each other. They have four different habits. Please concentrate. Okay, here also you will get same... Any other? Any other is depending on any other? No, here we have four others. Are they depending on each other? No, they are independently assorting. And they are giving different phenotypes also, different genotypes also. So, this is law of independent assortment. This is law of independent assortment. Here, what is law of independent assortment? Okay, there are three laws of method. Law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment. In segregation, the aliens are not mixing up with each other. Here, all the damage, all the aliens have individuality, are independent to assort. Okay. Here, don't be confused with second law and third law. Okay. Now, let's start with mono-acted cross. Here, we have only one pair of contrasting characters and we need to cross between those two contrasting characters. And that is mono-hydrate cross. Here is any one example, except five. Any others, we'll take... Partial and right. We'll take flower colour. Okay. We'll take W. Partial W and mono-active. Partial W. Partial colour. Whereas, mono-active, partial colour. You should start with pure right. Now, partial has stopped. You are working in wrong way. No. We can, you know, which one we are comfortable with. You know, capital P is small T also. W and small W also. We can, you know, do anything. It is not like if it is P. We should do with P. It is not like if it is W. You should be noted, okay? W only. Whichever we are comfortable with, we can denote. But we are understanding that capital... I have written here capital W is personal. Small W is right. So, what is the confusion? When you ask each portion of problem in an exam also, we will tell you which is dominant and which is necessary. Which are your quotes for what to be like. Mention the practice there. So, you did not calculate. When you don't mention, you can take any letter and you can denote it. Okay. Doesn't mean if it is purple, I have to write I have to take P only. Okay. So, now we are taking pure like parents. This is a... When you write a parent on the right hand side, so... On the left hand side, if you mention, it's a parent. Here you have to mention, it's a parent. Okay. Next, damage. You have an improved when you do a cross also. You should mention these... These are all the important. Parent and damage. And damage should always be inside the subject. Okay. And... Okay. Please don't talk. Another thing. Don't talk. Okay. Now I have got the damage. And next, I did a cross. I did F1 generation of bridge. And they do it in the correct way. And it did 76 years. Okay. F1 generations. And do it in the correct way. And here, anyway, male and female. You should mention the... You should write the male characters here. You should mention female here with the female characters there. Okay. It can be in any way. You can write female here, male here also. But it is just indication of a cross. Male and female will be there in the cross. Okay. For showing that indication, we just mentioned male and female. I already told you in the last class. Will you note this? For male, this equal. Female will be denoted with this equal. Please. Okay. Now, capital W. Small w. Capital w. Small w. Okay. Now, we got... Yeah. F1 generation, we have got all the heterosegues dominant. Now, once you do the F1 generation, you have to mention the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio also. What is phenotypic ratio? That can be C. Anything that can be C. Whether the color, other shape, other height, all these are phenotypic characters. Genotypic is the genetic composition of one alien. See. W. Capital W. Small w. That is genotype. Genotype. Yeah. It can be put in any way. So, we are just, we have male characters, female dynamics. Okay. Now, what is phenotype? I am telling, this is purple color flower. When I take purple color, then it is phenotype. When I take capital W. Small w. That is genotype. Genotype is genetic composition of a alien or a character. Phenotype is that it can be C. Okay. Okay. Now, I write a phenotypic ratio. Phenotypic ratio as 4 is to 0. And genotypic ratio is also same. Now, I will do the self-cross. I will do the self-cross. Self-cross can be done or if ever. Yeah. I will explain the two things. Now, self-cross is we got capital W small w in the F1 generation. That is heterogeneous dominant. Okay. If I will cross the same, then it is self-made. Now gametes. Again, you have to mention parings. P2. Just mention P2. G2. And now you mention as F2 generation. We have got F1 generation. Now, we are doing it for F2 generation. So, we have done the self-cross here. Here, you are following me? Okay. Now, when I ask ratio, please tell me the terms of it is called ratio only. When I ask percent, we can say 75 percent, 25 percent. Okay. Now, what is the phenotypic ratio? How many tall individuals are there? 50 people. And this is why. Now the ratio is 3 is to 1. Tepid ratio. Now, here it is phenotypic ratio. What is the ratio? Genotypic ratio. One is to one. Yeah. One is to two is to one. So, one is completely dominant. Homo-segas dominant. These two are heterogeneous dominant. The other one is homo-segas relationship. So, one is to two is to one. 3 is spent-type ratio whereas, per-type ratio is 3 is equal to 1 while 3 is equal to 1 3 are dominant that is percol 4 is vice purple and white eleat-type ratio one is capital-w and capital-w which is again pert-file talent and the 2 is capital-w smaller value which again cost percol only that is why we have mentioned it separately it has separate delta composition when we compare to this, it has different composition right it is different right, when we compare with this so separate will be right and this is resistance so one is to two is to one that is always when we ask when the star is pure light when you write some competitive exams they will just mention with a pure light clause in monohypid clause what is the ratio of inno-typification in F2 generation one is to two is to one inno-typification three is to one these are same for all the process so you take this you need not do all the graphs when they are asking competitive exams it is like waste of your time so just remember this ratio which is constant for all the process all the monohypid process the parents are pure light the F2 generation the ratio is two is to one and one is to two is to one okay now in monohypid clause only we have two different types of process test the clause and back clause what is test the clause were studying here school okay let us see here what is test the clause what is back clause this monohypid clause test the clause test the clause and back clause one is test the clause back clause okay what is test the clause you will do a clause you will need F1 generation offspring that F1 generation offspring if you are crossing with any residue parent if you are crossing with F1 generation if you are crossing with any residue parent then that is test the clause you should cross with only the residue parent only the residue that is test the clause the F1 F1 is crossed with residue parent okay now what is F1 generation offspring is crossed with either of the parent any of the parent parents might be anything heterocycles maybe homocycles anything if you are crossing with any parent then it is back clause if I go to the examples you will understand it better F1 generation offspring into any or either of the parent if it is dominant if it is residue homocycles if you are crossing F1 generation with any parent then that is back clause if you are crossing F1 generation with the residue parent that is test the clause it is the ratio of generation of these are also same in all the crosses you will see now if anyone example test the clause test the clause