 1. Obesity is a major global burden that requires better understanding of its underlying causes, such as increased weight gain and associated metabolic comorbidities like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. 2. The CNS plays a crucial role in regulating energy and glucose homeostasis through distinct neuronal cell populations within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which sense nutrient status and integrate signals from peripheral hormones to control calorie intake, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. 3. Disregulation of these neuronal networks can lead to overnutrition and obesity, and recent research findings in the field have potential impact on therapeutic treatment strategies for human obesity. This article was authored by Katarina Timper and Jens Seed Bruni.