 Good afternoon, my name is Elizabeth from media and I'm here to Give you a presentation on climate change and wood fuel nexus Originally my title slide looks like this, but when I came to see the picture of The conference and it's exactly wood fuel. So I said this is a perfect picture for my presentation so Thank you. It's really one of the most important sessions for this conference I'm going to talk about first of all what wood fuels can do to mitigate climate change It's one of the titles of an article written by FAO and second I'm going to mention something about why Has it taken too long to streamline policy development in wood energy? And then I'm going to tell you something about my case study about wood fuel in Sibu and the way forward after First of all, what is climate change? It's change in long-term global average temperature and rainfall and everybody knows that and While climate variability is changed in periodicity of temperature and rainfall But global warming leads to climate change and enhances climate variability So global warming therefore is due to the abnormal increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that trap hit and also The climate change, however, cannot be addressed or understood in isolation We need to consider the fact that climate change involves a complex interaction between climactic environmental political institutional social and technological processes well Literature tells us that there are many causes of climate change and among them natural processes and anthropogenic activities And there are also global earth polluters such as accumulated emissions airborne and others So we all know that adaptation and mitigation are some of the responses or two major responses to climate change Now there are many ways of mitigating climate change and one of them is to reduce the demand for emissions Intensive goods and services second increasing deficiency gains third increasing use and development of low carbon technologies Reducing non-fossil fuel emissions But the heart but at the heart of these proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through Reducing energy use and switching to cleaner energy sources. This brings me now therefore to the heart of my Presentation because the demand side fuel switching strategies to reduce carbon emissions is really the proposal is to use bio energy in residential industrial and transport energy demands Many developing countries have already successfully pursued such options now the question therefore is that what is the potential of wood fuel? To replace fossil fuels It's a little bit Sometimes misleading and confusing when we say bio energy renewable energy wood fuels fuel would so There are two major sources of definitions one can use the FA FAA o bet or the unified bio energy terminology or one can look at IE a task 29 on the social economics of bio energy Biomass of course is the material of recent biological origin examples or trees crops and others While bio energy are all energy forms derived from organic fuels of biological origin some of the examples are energy crops and Others while wood is the most important bio energy and when I say wood fuel it means both fuel wood and charcoal Before we used to call fuel wood firewood. It means the same so bio energy has many and uses Cooking fuel heating electricity generation and others there in terms of forms bio energy can be Biomass can be in solid liquid and gas and in terms of types. We have woody non woody and other organic waste material So like I said Examples of woody biomass would be forest residues wood fuel would waste examples of non woody biomass short rotation crops urban biomass and other organic waste material include animal waste and sewage sludge and Again the most common form of bio energy is wood energy a quick look at bio energy and wood fuels Which is part of bio energy is that wood fuel is the dominant household fuel among 2 billion people in the developing world Now literature differs some would say 3 billion others would say 2 billion but rest assured many people Seal continue to depend upon wood fuel as their primary source of household fuel Wood fuel particularly fuel wood and charcoal currently provide 14% of the world's total primary energy and The trend is expected to continue in the many years to come In developing countries bio fuels provide one-third of total energy and in some countries in Africa as much as 80% comes from biofuels fuel wood and charcoal are the most common types of Biofuels and they are vital in the nutrition to poor urban and rural households Aside from household cooking and heating wood fuel or bio energy is also essential to food processing Brewing curing producing electricity and other industries among developed countries wood is increasingly used as a substitute For fossil fuel for heat and power generation and this one can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions the next photos below is obtained from FAO and This one in developed and developing countries would base biomass Is receiving increasing attention as potential renewable energy resource while the traditional wood fuel still predominates in many developing countries? I also took this slide from a BP British petroleum and as you can see renewables is increasing at an increasing rate in the that's the projection until 2030 and in terms of renewables you have Hydro-nuclear coal gas and oil but here you will see that in Renewables you have 10.2 percent bio energy while the rest of the renewables are much lower So therefore there's a growing market for modern efficient bio energy that uses wood in the form of pellets residues and various types of dedicated feedstock supplies now there are many Studies done already on the medium and large-scale coal generation plants It is also said that the use of bio energy is Carbon-neutral because it has the carbon Secastration and carbon substitution effect, so it is touted to be carbon-neutral All in all wood fuels holds a promise in mitigating climate change because It's a way of life. It's been there for a long time. It's non fossil fuel base. It's carbon neutral It has environmental benefits like biodiversity and so on it's a source of income for many Hundreds of people thousands of people it creates jobs. It's an informal sector activity It helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It's very renewable and therefore there is a Possibility of sustainability and it's part of energy security But for now there are many issues that surround wood fuels or bio energy First of all is traditional therefore the issue of efficiency and impacts of the traditional biomass sector Particularly in the regions of South Asia and Africa. There is also uncertainty of actual emission savings and a lot of research I needed to showcase to these these cases In terms of the improvements in bi traditional biomass and emission savings Likewise, there is a need for more demonstration at commercial scales that use of more modern technologies that utilize wood more efficiently and Therefore, there's a call for more coordinated testing and evaluation of implementing wood fuel programs and projects At large is a need for policies and incident institutionalization of incentives That can facilitate the management of forests for multiple purposes and among them would be the use of wood or forest resources for energy Let me go to my case study. We have been working on this since 1993 So we have two publications one was in July 1993 on patterns of commercial wood fuel supply distribution and use in the city and province of Sibu and In 2003 we came up with another one. It's a continuation But it has more information and it's an updates the socio-economic And environmental impacts of wood fuel consumption and production a case study of Sibu This year is 2012 and we're supposed to come up with at 2013 So it's one of the longest-running case studies, but I'm still looking for funding sources so Sibu is part of the Philippine archipelago right there in Central Visayas. The archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands and Sibu particularly is a city second to Manila in terms of progress in economic development and Urbanization at the moment the Philippines is a total of 97 million people with an HDI point six threes Despite its rapid organization What is interesting about the Sibu case study is the fact that even in 1901, I'm sorry in 1870 according to a her in 1901 Sibu is a very narrow strip of land without any pristine forest However, until today wood fuel industry is a strive is a very thriving Business and industry so question is where are all the wood fuels coming from or the wood? So here are some of the old Information wood fuel use is decreasing and the other types of fuels are increasing But it's only for primary cooking Because if we look at both primary and secondary fuels, you will see that there is an increase actually or a rise in the use of wood fuels now there are many variables that Or the reasons for using wood fuels and among them are price income taste preferences and so on but there is also a very interesting trend in fuel switching from Primary to more superior fuels or from superior to to more inferior fuels particularly because of the cost of other types of fuels so The trade this is an example of the flow of the trade of wood fuel from rural traders from gutters and so on So wood fuel trade provided thousands of jobs to many Sibuanos and in fact many Filipinos and in 1992 in particular I'd like to note that the local economy was able to save up to 12 million US dollars In the use of wood fuels instead of importing fossil fuel based fuels So these are just some pictures of distribution practices This one is fuel wood and this one is charcoal. So to my question Where do all these wood fuels come from so some of them come from wood fuel copies lands So no forest from three shrub follows from woodlots from mixed land areas agroforestry systems from shrub land and Bruce Rushland areas in terms of technology until today. We still use the traditional Two types one is underground. This is called Tina Boonan and the other one is above ground approach So there is a very bad need for policy and improvement in the technology Otherwise, it's very inefficient. It's the making of the charcoal So the conclusion of the Sibu case study is that despite urbanization by energy will remain to be used by majority of Filipino households Wood fuel will continue to be used because of its affordability Availability because many are just available for free the taste and preference It's part of culture and as a backup purposes even if LPG is now the main cooking fuel household income is the main determinant of the household cooking fuel choices and The the most of the wood is coming from copies lands and tree follows and not forest And there is an increased effort in improving efficiency of charcoal conversion technology The way forward is to recognize the important role of bioenergy and wood fuels in mitigating climate change and there is a need for improving the data management particularly among poor developing countries and That policy development should be provided that will lead towards addressing the issues of cost Technology social economic concerns and demonstration of successful wood fuel and bioenergy projects most important of all I need to find a funding sponsor for my third round of wood fuel studies so that I can have a 2013 update After the 2003 and 1993 publications. Thank you for listening You