 Thank you for inviting IAEA again to organize the workshop in Trieste. I'd like to also thank all participants who submitted the applications and received confirmation for participation and it was a great interest and thank you very much also to express this interest. Of course, I'd like to thank all our lecturers who agreed to give lectures on this new, let's say, relatively new, I think, topic which we're developing. And of course, for the organizers, this is a really great place. Last time was December, it was very cold, I was here, but maybe more productive. Today is also not very hot, so not for swimming probably. Then please concentrate on this workshop. I'll tell about the program, so we will organize maybe three or four groups, I guess, from all participants and then you will be working in these groups not only during the day but also at night. After, of course, please have fun also around in this great place. But don't forget that it's one of the most interesting also things and fun happens here in this hole when you listen to our lectures about this new technology, which is open source. I know it's a code or software to be used in nuclear reactors both in fusion and fusion. We will concentrate this week on two main tools which we've selected. It's open MC for Monte Carlo simulations of Neutronix and CFD2 as open form and it's derivative and family. But we also, you will have a look at few other, only briefly open source tools for this, which we believe and many experts believe that it's kind of alternative or additional, let's say, open source of twerats and additional dimension to the old numerical simulations and what we have fleet of the computer codes may be very old and especially for the new generation you are free to use it, it's very easy to start, it costs nothing to obtain and to be involved. So from now, I think, how can we start presentation, I prepared brief introduction of the idea, how do we start it, like to share a, I think share a screen, okay, okay, I see. Looks okay, right? Also a couple of introductions, okay, before we start this workshop on open source nuclear codes and software for reactors analysis and simulation and more in general and simulation of nuclear energy systems, I would like to introduce activities related to innovative nuclear energy systems that systems require this new software. Let me start very briefly again with the situation, let's say, energy situation of all about, you know, big part of the 1.3 billion people situation for the 2020, I believe the status, they don't have access to the energy at all, not electricity, but of course we saw the type, they can't but electricity, no. And 1 billion of people cannot, don't have access to the health care due to the energy poverty and 2.6 billion people rely on biomass like our, you know, grandfathers or maybe more for the thousand thousand years still it's a significant part of the world have no access to the electricity like we have here and all developing countries, developed countries and this is the problem that can be solved in one way or another and nuclear power is the one of the means, one of the, let's say, players on this story who can help us to solve these problems. In 2022 nuclear reactors generated 9.2% of total electricity in the world, which is by the way like 1% less than two years ago, I'm just showing the slide actually and every representation since 2016 and saying that this number is decreasing by the way. For whatever reasons, one of this introduction of the renewable energy sources and like skepticism of many countries like Germany who shut down the nuclear power plants, but still it's 10% of the total electricity and this part can share, can be made higher if we need the sustainable source of energy or not, okay. And finally we have now in the world 437 nuclear power reactors which generate about 400 gigawatt electric installed capacity as they operate in 30 countries, both developing and developing and still now we have an additional interest in the nuclear reactors, 57 reactors under the construction with 60 gigawatt electrical together, so more or less it means one gigawatt units in 15 countries and two of them are new camera countries. In this case China, I should say that China plays a significant role, they build a lot of reactors because China is growing up and if you need to, if you grow and if you improve your quality of the people, you can see China is, it changes in every year, then you need more and more energy, this is one of the key, more or less how much energy is consumed, it's kind of not direct but indirect indicator how the quality of life in the country. So let me say that nuclear capacity for the, how much electricity will be produced by nuclear power plants in up to 2050 according to the IEA projections, we have like optimistic or like high, it's not optimistic, maybe high energy, high scenario, low scenario and before here that we have history and you might see also the projections in 2010 and projection in 2014 for example, they decreasing so the role of the nuclear power even in projects is decreasing and also it's also, if you look at this to the low projections and high projections, so the lowest is that electricity will be produced the same in gigawatts but of course the share in percentages will be decreasing but the high projections is like that production of electricity by nuclear power plant will double in 2015. We actually don't know, it depends on many many things and situation and we are engineers and you know the people who are in the industry, we work hard to make sure that this nuclear electricity is useful, it's sustainable, excuse me, and it's safe and you see that we can contribute a lot to the future energy generation which is actually one of the keys to the successful and sustainable development of the nations. I will now try to play if it works this small video. In 1957, an agency was created with a vision to harness the power of the atom for the benefit of humankind. It works with partners across the globe to help countries use nuclear science and technology to meet development challenges, boosting food supplies, improving health, protecting the environment, and contributing to global peace. This agency provides the technology, expertise and training to make all this possible. Through nuclear science it helps countries to develop high yielding crops that can thrive in extreme conditions, breed healthier livestock, and protect fruit and animals from harmful pests. The work of this agency supports the conservation of our oceans and coastlines, protecting the marine resources that ensure the livelihoods of millions of people. It promotes the use of nuclear technology to fight cancer and improve human health. The organization assists countries with their energy planning. If they choose nuclear power it offers expertise to ensure facilities are run safely and securely. It provides standards and assistance to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials, guidance on the management of the waste generated by the use of nuclear technologies, and helps nations to prepare for and respond to incidents and emergencies. It's an agency that prevents the spread of nuclear weapons by helping to make sure that nuclear materials remain in peaceful uses. It's the global platform for cooperation in nuclear security, advising countries how to guard against nuclear terrorism and prevent the theft and smuggling of radioactive materials. Providing technology and expertise, promoting safety and security, assisting sustainable development. This is Atoms for Peace and Development. This is the IAEA. Okay, interesting, huh? So, taking the situation that I explained before, the role of the IAEA is, we say, Atoms for Peace and Development means Atoms for Peace, promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy or nuclear energy, and preventing its use for the, you know, non-peaceful purposes, I would say, as a safeguard and so on. And this is agreement between countries who decided to, okay, the IAEA was founded almost 70 years ago, and then by the proposal of the U.S. President, and the countries decided to do this to help developing countries to use nuclear power as a peaceful and, in return, those countries decided not to develop nuclear weapons. For all this, maybe you saw in this video, there are several directions what the IAEA is working, and one of them is our nuclear energy department is doing research and promoting the nuclear power, nuclear field cycle with technology, and also it helps planning information and knowledge management for the nuclear energy systems for sustainable development. We also have department of nuclear safety and security, which is related to the safe and use of the nuclear, all in general, atomic energy and particular safety of nuclear power plants. And the department of nuclear science and applications, we take care of medical, for example, using the nuclear as an option agriculture and so on. Department of safeguards that guarantees, like the countries who are joining the non-proliferation treaty, they provide the resources, I mean safeguards to control the non-proliferation of the nuclear energy. The department of management, very big, very powerful department manage everything, including money, and also the department of technical cooperation that supports developing countries in several projects, directly supports with financial activity. Okay, this is not really easy, but maybe you don't need to know also the old details, just your brief information. And I have a pleasure to lead the fast reactor technology development team, which is part of the nuclear energy department in division of nuclear power, in a section of nuclear power technology development, where we are doing important development and research and cooperation and organize any activities on advanced innovative and advanced reactors, including advanced water-cooled reactors, SMR small, moderate and medium-sized reactors, also for non-electrical applications, and fast reactors, which I am responsible for. Within this, in our activities, we concentrate on several directions. Of them is sharing of knowledge, which means we organize, we publish documents on several activities or several topics, we organize conference and technical meetings, and also it's also related to capacity building, which includes training courses workshop and workshops, similar like we have here, thanks to ICTP, and for technology development, we organize several research activities, including coordinated research projects. Let me just show you briefly what is the, let's say, current, very primitive explanation of the status of innovative energy systems or innovative nuclear reactors. Taking the example of Generation 4, International Forum is an organization, probably you know, which is trying to implement some rules and designs and international preparation in the field of the innovative nuclear reactors, and they selected six systems potentially interested and that could be innovative, safe, and sustainable and help to support sustainable energy, including sodium-cooled fast reactors, which are operating now, lead-cooled fast reactors, very high-temperature reactors, supercritical water-cooled reactors, and gas-cooled reactors and molten-slow reactors. Let us have a look at the status of the innovative reactors, most of them are working in the fast nuclear spectrum, which are operating now in the world. In Russia, we have three reactors, one experiment reactor or experiment reactor, bore 60 very old reactors, but still it's 60 megawatt. It's 10 megawatt electric, 60 megawatt thermal, and two industrial-sized reactors, BN600 and BN800, all sodium-cooled reactors operating. China operates against small 20 megawatt electric sodium-cooled reactor CFR, which is China's experimental fast reactor, relatively new since 2011. India operates old reactor 1985, and now it's commissioning PFBAR, which is a prototype sodium-cooled fast reactor. Breeder reactors, as I said, 500 megawatt electric, and it's now under commissioning, which is delayed, now expected in 2020 FUTU to be connected to the grid. Japan now operates Joyo, small, let's say, small experimental reactor against sodium-cooled, and they have applied for the renewal of the license that should be expected to restart the operation in 2024. And if you look at the reactors and look, all those reactors are sodium-cooled fast reactors. If you look at fast reactors under construction and decommissioning, you will find that Russia is building replacements for bore 60. Again, experimental sodium-cooled reactor and beer, 50 megawatt electric, that's expected to start the operation in 2028. From the new types, Russia is building, now constructing reactor Brest 300, which is lead-cooled reactor. It's demonstrator of the lead-cooled and heavy liquid metal-cooled reactor technology, expected to start the operation in 2026. China now is constructing two actually sodium-cooled fast reactors, CFR600, second electric each, and it's under construction, and even there are news that the first unit was the two, it's the same type of, exactly the same, I mean, maybe features, but the same design reactors, and one of them was reached critical, sorry, physical criticality, whatever it is, as some reports indicate this. As for decommissioning, Japan is decommissioning module reactor, which was started operation 94 and stopped in 95, now decided to completely decommission. USA is decommissioning FFTF, actually France is also decommissioning, I believe Phoenix and Super Phoenix reactors as well. This is like current status, and if you see most of them are sodium-cooled fast reactors. However, if you look at the new types of the reactors, which are under development and design, this slide shows, let's say, many conceptual designs, and in bold I try to show the designs and the reactors which have some interest and some promotion and let's say movement compared to many other types, which were supposed to be designed in past years, but like now on hold. But in bold we have cellular reactors, which proposed in different countries and many, and most of them, if you look, several of them, many of them are still sodium-cooled fast reactors, but some others, especially as reactors cooled by heavy liquid metals such as lead and lead is metaphodetic. Also there are projects on molten-salt-cooled reactors and also on gas-cooled reactors cooled by helium, for example. This is a project and conceptual designs show that the growing interest to the different types of the construction. Okay, this slide shows our main activities in the field of fast reactor technology. Which just for your interest maybe you can have a look and see and read the reports about those activities. One of the most important activities that we conduct is coordinated research projects. When we try to, on the several topics, we organize this project which is typically four years old. We invite 15, 20, 25 or 30 organizations from around the world to participate on different topics and this slide shows the potential names for the to save time. I will probably not go. I will show you several examples of the CRPs. And typically the most successful I would say CRPs are CRPs, which are benchmark. And for this case is benchmark analysis of the FFTF loss of flow without ground tests. Means unprotected loss of flow. And FFTF is fast flux test facility. It's sodium-cooled reactor in the US. It's 400 megawatt sodium-cooled fast reactor thermal, 400 megawatt thermal. And this particular test and ANL provided, I mean actually US provided the experimental data of this test. So, okay, I forgotten to say this reactor had interesting feature. It's a passive shutdown system so-called. So means reactor shuts down passively without any intervention of the humans. And this case they invented, let's say, and it's also called gas expansion models, which is empty fuel sub-assembly. Let's say with gas and when actually it's filled with sodium. But when you have the nominal flow rate and enough inlet pressure. But if the flow rate is good for whatever reason, pump stops. So means it's most dangerous situation, I consider it for this type of the reactors unprotected loss of flow. When you don't have flow, but still you have this energy released in the reactor core. In this case, you should shut down the reactor somehow. And this space shutdown system shows that when flow is decreasing, so pressure becomes lower and this gas expands in this sub-assembly. Since it's a peripheral area, it reactivity of the reactor becomes lower and it shutdowns. And this test demonstrated this capability of this reactor to survive during this test. During such a situation, when pump were completely lost and US participants provided the experimental data for the blind simulation. Blind means participants didn't know how to simulate the results. They knew the input data, design of the reactor, the conditions. But they didn't know how to do the final results and they simulated blindly. And then results were compared between each other. That was a very interesting test which was completed. Another test which you will learn also about benchmark, which is Neutronic benchmark of CFR startup test. CFR is China Experimental Fast Reactor. And CIE, China Institute of Atomic Energy, agreed to provide the experimental data on this test. It's standard Neutronic test from the very beginning. And we have like about 30 participants, 30 participation organization that calculated Neutronic with different types of code including open source code OpenMC, which we will learn this week in more details. This slide shows some result of simulations. Maybe you will not repeat these simulations this week, but you will learn how to do it. And we have several training materials and documents on this. It's a guidance for how to use SerpentDo and OpenMC to simulate this example of this test. And we have conducted again, I'd like to thank the ICTP and Nikolas for providing us possibility to conduct this kind of educational workshops here in this beautiful place Trieste. And I personally participated in the organization of the workshops on physics and technology of innovative nuclear energy systems in 2016, 2018 and last December in Trieste. And I see some of them participated. I see the famous faces. I saw some people online. Okay. And also online. So you are already well-prepared. Before I go directly to our workshop topics, I want to also to advertise a little bit the possibility to work at the IAEA. You can also like apply as a professional, young professional. Or also if you are a student law, you can try to apply for the internship and conduct internship in the IAEA for one year. All this available, you can find in the IAEA. And it's really nice place also, Vienna, to live and also fun. You can meet many people and do networking and so on. Please consider this possibility. Thank you for that. So now I go to the program of our workshop. Maybe you saw it already. Here is this slide. It shows it in concentrated way. So in the morning and early afternoons, we will have like lectures given by our experts from around the world. And after lunch, we will move to the group walks and practical exercises on this mostly on the open forum and open MC. And you will be splitted in, I guess, three or four groups and walking groups on several tasks and exercises provided to you by our lecturers. Please do this group activity. And you don't have to, I mean, walk all the time on this. Please also sleep. Please also have a fun, but also think and walking in these groups. When you're making fun, also discuss how to do. It's not individual task, but then you will learn how to walk in team. Try to lead and try to, and on Friday, we will ask every representative of every group to deliver some presentation. Let's say maybe you have three exercises. You can have three presentations, small five minutes presentations or the result of your exercises. And we will see what happens and we will compare, but it's not, you know, the test or examination. I just want you to enjoy this week and enjoy these exercises. Try to use, make use of direct contact with those guys who are the best experts. I think in open source of 12 nuclear reactors in the world, we try to find out all of them. Most of them are here this week in Trieste. There are a few exceptions, but they will connect online also. So, then I believe we found everybody who can do this. Okay, and then important on Tuesday and Wednesday, we will have two poster sessions. We will set your posters half on Tuesday and half on, I know, alphabetically or whatever on Wednesday. And you will have a chance to discuss with also all our lectures experts. We'll go through your posters together and ask you questions. I think we please try to make your presentation as quick as possible, like three minutes, and leave like two, three, five minutes for the questions and other answers, okay? According to this poster, as a result of this poster presentation, we will select three winners, I believe, who will be awarded some small award from the CTP, I believe. And please concentrate on this, but again, it's not an examination. Please have fun doing, this is a main topic. When you do your job, when you walk in this field of this simulation tools, it's important to like this and to have fun. Not to be like, I don't know, walking from eight to five, five days per week, waiting for Friday. Just try to make fun and all, even on holidays, like consider it half-holidays, half-enjoyable and good chance to learn something new, which is really interesting and fun. Okay, let me now start with quick introduction of our lecturers. And first is Professor Carlo Frarino. And Carlo received his PhD from Politecnico di Milano. He also speaks Italian. I believe so, feels very comfortable in this environment. And his expertise is in the field of modeling and simulation, scientific and computer software development and technology of advanced reactor systems. Carlo will be presenting several lectures and exercises on open form, which is a CFD2. And open form is a general name. We have several variations and derivatives of family of this open form in application to the nuclear power systems, like gen form and so on. Carlo was also one of the leading experts in the collaborated center between the IA and EPFL in Switzerland. Since January 2023, he works as associate professor at the Department of Nuclear Engineering at Texas A&M University. And after, oh, actually the important thing, Carlo is also the chair of the expert group of the IA on Cori initiative, which is open source codes for the nuclear reactors on Cori. And I'd like to thank you for that. And he's really enthusiastic of the open source software and really helping the IA in promoting this activity. Thank you, Carlo. When Carlo moved, decided to move to the US, also his colleague from EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de la Zanne, Dr. Alessandro Scolara. Okay, he also, he actually replaced Carlo in the position of this collaborative center. I know who is the main expert, I would say, and focal point, and main working force also for this. Actually, we submitted extension already and it will be, okay, this is with a lot of data. And the main role of EPFL, as Alessandro described, is to manage computational activities of the laboratory for nuclear reactor physics and system behavior. So Alessandro received his master of science in nuclear engineering in 2016 and then got his PhD in 2021 from EPFL. And he was also working in Nagra, Switzerland, in the field of nuclear power with characterizations. Alessandro is also expert in open FM, open family, and will give several lectures and practical exercises this week. Dr. Stefan Ken from Germany, from Ulrich University, Ulrich Research Center, actually, right? In Germany, he has his PhD in mechanical and nuclear engineering from Ulrich Research Working Technical Aachen in 2010. And he founded, after that, a research group and became principal investigator and head of the thermal effluent dynamics and system analysis group at Forscham Center in Ulrich, Research Center in Ulrich, Germany. His scientific interest and research interests are on CFD for reactor safety, severe accident phenomena, and passive safety systems. And Stefan is also teaching at the Aachen RWTH, which I don't know exactly, sorry, Aachen University, and another Aachen University, oh my God. He is a member of the NCORI expert group and participates in several activities of OCD nuclear energy agency and also participates in several European projects on the accident scenario community and related activities in research and development. Again, he is an expert in CFD and open-form family codes. And Dr. Stefano Lorenzi, he is from Milana University, Polytechnico di Milana, sorry. He is teaching courses of experimental nuclear reactor kinetics and integration of nuclear energy for carbon neutral scenarios. And he participates in different European research projects on lead-cooled, fast reactors such as LIDAR and Pascal projects, on molten salt reactors and also several projects related to the small modular reactors and development. He is an officer and more than 70 international papers, means papers published in the international journals, and 685 citations in high 15 in Scopus database. Stefano, I would like to add that he organized last year, it was last year, the great technical meeting, hosted technical meeting in Milana related the open source software and computer codes in the application for the nuclear energy. Thank you for that, Stefano. Again, expert in open-form. Now we come to the Neutronix people, and most of them is Dr. Jevon Choe. She is a senior researcher and advanced reactor technology development division of Kairi, Coreatomic Energy Research Institute. And she is working on core analysis and core development for the sodium-cooled, fast reactors. She received her final education PhD in 2021, just two years ago, and she is an expert in Monte Carlo codes, and she is mastering to run the open MC and also Serpent. I believe she participates in the ISRP on CFR, and she was also interned three years ago in the ISP and one year. In Vienna, as an intern, and now she got very nice promotion, and she will show you how to use open MC to the practical application to the China experimental fast reactors. Dr. Patrick Shrivvaitze, also the great expert and developer of the open MC, he is a scientist in Aragon National Laboratory, and a professor at the University of... Oops, UW... And he is actually a great expert in Monte Carlo simulations. You will see, and from my personal experience, he is also a great teacher. He explains very simply and effectively how to use this very simple example, how to use open MC, even I didn't understand last time, started understanding how to use it. And he got his PhD at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, which now he is a junk professor there. And, okay, he again is a member of not only American Nuclear Society, but for me, the most important, he is a member of the IAEA on Korea expert group also. Thank you for joining us, Patrick. And we have also open MCs using not only for fusion nuclear reactors, let's say traditional, but also for the future fusion reactors calculations. And for this open MC for fusion, we will have a lecture, online lecture from Dr. James Hargois, who is a Neutronic scientist in the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. And his specialist focuses in radiation transport and performs Neutronic analysis of tokamak concepts, like for the step and for demo designs. And his primary focus is on critical tritium-brandium ratio TBR, radiation shielding and nuclear heating calculations for the early design phase of fusion reactor. Okay, and then he used several Monte Carlo codes and other codes to simulate, calculate Neutronics and expert in the open MC and will give, I believe, on Friday in the agenda lectures. Dr. Andrew Davis from the UK also will join us online together with James. They will again explain how to use open MC for fusion. I wrote a thesis for this. He was graduated from the University of Birmingham in Nuclear Physics in 2009 and he works in United Kingdom Atomic Energy Agency staff in Neutronic Nuclear Data Group. And actually he was also leading these all studies on Monte Carlo calculations for the fusion reactors. Again, another online participant will be Dr. Nick Turan, who is the main developer initiator of the Army software. By the way, not Y but I. This is a different Army, not what you think. It's a mistake type of here. The Army is integrated in advanced reactor modeling interface, which integrates like interface how to store data and how to simulate reactors with interfaces to the different simulation codes. And he works at TerraPower on design of the Sodium-Gulf fast reactor core and software since 2009. Now he is a manager of digital engineering and great expert. Unfortunately, he will not participate in person, but he will give an online lecture on Army and show, again, show how to easy and how to use Army could give you a good start to do it. He got his PhD from University of Michigan in nuclear engineering again. And also he runs a very interesting public education platform, what is nuclear.com, which I invite you to participate. And, okay, my name is Vladimir Krivensov. And together with Dr. Nikoleta Marilova, we are organizing this educational workshop. Nikoleta works since 2021 as a nuclear engineer in fast reactor technology development team. He completed his PhD, obtained his PhD from construction technology in natural sciences in 2020. Then she worked as a post-doc there. And since 2021, she's working in our fast reactor technology development team. Okay, I was, I'm working in the IE since 2016. Before I was working in Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk when I graduated. I obtained my PhD in Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Engineering in 1994. Then I also decided for whatever reasons to get a doctor engineering course from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1999. Then I was working in several organizations including Japan Nuclear Cycle Institute, which is Japan Atomic Energy Agency now. And also before in Tokyo Institute of Technology, again in IE in Obninsk and also Carthage Institute of Technology in Germany. And since 2016 I have a pleasure to lead this team on fast reactor technology. And sometimes to organize several activities. Okay, I think that is all what I wanted to say, maybe too long. But you have good introduction and I believe you, I think ICTP always have a perfect organization. They put videos, slides, everything immediately almost after this completion. So you can look at this mine and all other presentation on both the website. And there are some information if you are interested please let us know. And welcome to Trieste. And I am sure, I am confident we will have great week with and you will go back home to your countries with much improved knowledge on the open source software for nuclear reactors. Thank you.