 Hello everyone, am I audible? Am I audible dear? Yes, sir. We have discussed till here, no? Have we discussed here? Yes, sir, we have discussed. Year war completed in the previous class? Mechanism of hearing? Yes, sir. If you have any doubt and CRT and if you have any doubt, you can ask me, okay? Now, chemical control and coordination. Chemical control and coordination. Let's sit here. What happens in chemical control and coordination? What is coordination actually? What is coordination actually? coordination is the process C process by which one or more organ or organ system work together to perform functions like you are running, you are running which system is used a skeletal system is used, but along with that only heartbeat increases, respiratory rate increases. Getting my point means once a skeletal system starts working, getting my point, you can say, you can say along with that the circulatory system as well as respiratory system also started working, yes or no? And everything comes to normal once we stop performing work. Agree, dear? Tell me that first. Yes, sir. Yes, that is known as coordination. Coordination is of two types. Okay, you people can write down this thing. Done, everyone? Done, dear? Sir, just a second, sir. No issues. Done, sir. Done. Let's see one more thing. Coordination in human body is brought about by two system. One is the nervous system. Okay, and one is endocrine system. What's brought about by nervous system is known as neural control and coordination and by endocrine system chemical coordination, yes or no? Agreed? Yes. Agreed? Here are the differences. You people can note down. I think that is too simple. You will understand. You can say without any interference only. Done, dear? Neural coordination is fast. Neural is point to point. It is diffuse and long lasting. It is brought about by nervous system and it is brought about by endocrine system, yes or no? Everyone, yes. Endocrine system in human consists of endocrine glands and hormones. Let's see the endocrine glands. These are the endocrine glands of human. There are three in the brain. Pneumothalamus, pineal, and pituitary. Two are there. Thyroid and parathyroid. Parathyroid is situated on the backside of thyroid only. Here is the thymus, pancreas, and adrenal gland. And in females, ovaries found in males, testis is found. Together they are going to be known as gonads. Together they are going to be known as gonads. Yes or no? Everyone, yes. See over here. So this is there. You can write down. In the brain, three are there. Remember it like that only. Done. Let's see. I will be asking about hypothalamus. You can say telling you people about hypothalamus and pituitary at the same time. Getting my point. First thing is development of pituitary gland. Actually pituitary gland is ectodermal in origin. What is the origin of pituitary gland? It is ectodermal. Agreed? It is ectodermal. Getting my point. How it develops? This is the diencephalon part of the brain. And this is the primitive gut. Primitive gut. From the gut, here is developing a retchage pouch. What? Retchage pouch. Agreed here? Yes. Let's see. What happens? This is the imagination found from hypothalamus. The diencephalon only. This blue color. And this retchage pouch got broken and get itself, you can say, surrounded around this part. Okay. The part that is developing from the diencephalon is known as neurohypophysis. What? Neurohypophysis. This is the blue color part. And the part which is developing from retchage pouch that is known as adenohypophysis. What? Adenohypophysis. Adenohypophysis consists of pars tubarellis, pars distalis or anterior lobe and pars intermedia or middle lobe of pituitary gland. No. Everyone. Everyone. So it is developing from the two places. And it is having two components, adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. Adenohypophysis having three components, pars tubarellis. This is the part which is surrounded around the infundiblum. Infundiblum is the stalk that connect hypothalamus to pituitary gland. Is it anterior? Everyone? Yes. So pars tubarellis, pars intermedia and pars distalis are the three component of adenohypophysis. Agreed? Everyone? Right on. Excuse me, sir. Yes. So what is the primitive gut again? Primitive gut is your GIT gastrointestinal system. And the primitive is when it is in the earliest stage of development. Yes or no? Sir, could you scroll down a little bit? Yes. Sir, could you scroll to the adenohypophysis part? Done, everyone. So this is the component of pituitary. Getting my point? Now, this diagram. What this diagram is showing? Let's see. Actually, what happens? These are the nuclei. These are the nuclei. Nuclei. Do you know what is the meaning of nucleus in central nervous system? What is nucleus, dear? Cell bodies. Collection of cell bodies. In CNS. Agreed, dear? Collection of cell bodies in CNS is the nucleus. Okay. So these are the archway supra optic and para ventricular nucleus. Yes or no, dear? Yes. You see how it is secreting over here. This is superior hypofacial artery. It is breaking into capillaries over here and it is coming down to the pituitary. Okay. It means anything that is coming to hypothalamus to anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis, that comes through this. This is hypofacial portal vein. That comes through hypofacial portal vein. Yes or no? Agreed? Agreed, dear? Hypofacial portal vein only. Okay. Okay. But this part posterior pituitary is connected to hypothalamus through exones of these nuclei, means there is direct exonal connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary or rather adenohypophysis is connected to hypothalamus through. Connected to hypothalamus through hypofacial portal vein. Getting my point. So things are, secretion of posterior pituitary is there. It is synthesized in these nuclei transported through exones and only released from what? From posterior pituitary. So if somebody will ask you, secretion of posterior pituitary is synthesized in, what will you say? What will you say? Nuclear. It is there in the hypothalamus only. Secretion of posterior pituitary is synthesized in hypothalamus. Agreed? Transported externally to posterior pituitary and is stored and released from the posterior pituitary. Yes or no? Tell me. Yes, sir. Secretion from hypothalamus reaches adenohypophysis through hypofacial portal vein. Agreed, dear? Everyone? Yes, sir. Getting my point. So secretion of anterior pituitary is synthesized in anterior pituitary only. Only controlled by hypothalamus. But secretion of posterior pituitary is synthesized in hypothalamus. Only released and stored from posterior pituitary. Yes or no? Yes. So what is the site of synthesis of hormones of posterior pituitary? The nuclei in the hypothalamus. Yeah. Please write down. Sir, are the axons specialized to carry chemicals or are they normal? Yes. Yes, it will be transported. Anything that is synthesized in the cell body that come to the exon terminal. Usually. So, sir, the chemicals are not in the synaptic knobs. They're just transported through the axon. Yes, sir. It is transported like that only. Actually, they are modified neurons. They are neurosecretary cells. So can they also transmit action potential or only carry hormones? No, not only carry hormones. They are not going to, they are not specialized for conduction. They got modified for secretion. Yes, sir. Great, dear. Done. Everyone? Just a minute, sir. Could you write the name of the nuclei like on the side or something? It's not visible. Is it visible now? Arqueate supraoptic paraventricular. Done, dear. These two lines are very important. Pay attention to them. Now, hormones secreted by hypothalamus. Actually, hypothalamus is the floor of diencephalon. Already we have discussed that. It controls the pituitary. In the old terminology, pituitary is known as master gland. So hypothalamus at times is known as master or master gland because it is going to control the pituitaries or not. So hypothalamus secretes two groups of hormone. One is the releasing hormone. Another is the other is inhibiting hormone. If releasing hormone is going to be released, it stimulates the secretion of anterior pituitary. And if inhibiting hormone is going to be released, it is going to stop or decrease the secretion of anterior pituitary. GNRH is growth hormone. Releasing hormone released from hypothalamus. And once it is released, it increased secretion of growth hormone. Yes or no? And inhibiting hormone is it is going to inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary. And once it is released, it leads to decrease in the secretion of growth hormone. Agreed, dear? Everyone? Yes. Done. Now, there are few cells which is there in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus is going to control that. Like human growth hormone is going to be secreted by somatotroph. Okay? It is going to be acted by GHRH, which is also known as somatocriene. Once somatocriene will be increased, will be released, secretion of human growth hormone or somatotropin is going to be increased. Yes or no? And if GHIH or somatostatin will be secreted, its secretion is going to decrease. Yes or no? These are the hypothalamic hormone. These are the cells of pituitary. And these are the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes. You people can write down. Hi everyone. Done here? So just a second sir. You people are going for the exam in school? Yes sir. When? For YPR exam begins next Monday. Tomorrow exam is not there for you people? No sir, but we have practical classes tomorrow and the whole week next week. Okay. Understood? Yes. Prolactin is secreted by which cell of the pituitary? Done sir. Done. Now pituitary gland, its location is inside a bony cavity present in the spinoid bone. It is known as cell atarsica. Another name of pituitary gland is hypofysis. Okay. One is trophic hormone. Trophic hormone is one hormone that is released from one endocrine gland and acting on another. Like TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH. They are released from the pituitary, acting on thyroid. Yes or no? Agreed dear? Yes. So this is there. No. Hormone secreted by pituitary. I will talk about hormone secreted by pituitary. First thing is hormone secreted by adenohypofysis. Adenohypofysis comprises 75% of the pituitary gland and it is having following parts. Stalice, intermediate and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis do not secrete any hormone usually. So hormone secreted by parts distalice. GH, LH, FSH, TSH, PRL and ACTH. Yes or no? GH, LH, FSH, TSH and PRL. Agreed? GH is growth hormone. It is known as somatotrophin or somatotropic hormone. It regulates somatic growth of the tissue like muscle and all. Agreed dear? Yes. If you will talk about exonone, its function, exonone skeletal system. It increases the cell number like C. This is the diphysis of bone. This is the epiphysis of the bone. And in between epiphyseal plate is there. Okay. Already you must be knowing they are the cartilaginous plate. They are known as growth plate also. Growth hormone act on them also. Like if I am going to take growth hormones now, no effect will be there because epiphyseal plate is closed now for me. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes, sir. So it will increase the cell number. Insulin and thyroxine also have been role for bone formation. Insulin is going to be responsible for cytoplasmic growth. And thyroxine is going to be responsible for DNA replication. Osteogenesis is bone formation. Yes or no? You people can write. Could you scroll up to the hormones? Could you scroll down? Done. Done. Now. Now what do you think? If your muscle has to grow, will you require protein? Will you require protein? Yes, sir. What should be the exon of growth hormone protein synthesis? It should increase, no? So it is having anabolic role. It is having anabolic role. Yes or no? Yes. It is having anabolic role. Yes. Agreed, dear? Now, CA plus 2 absorption from GIT will increase. Why? Why? An excretion of all these things will be decreased from the kidney. Why? Because if bone has to be formed, CA plus 2 will be required. Yes or no? As far as carbohydrate metabolism is concerned, it has to increase blood glucose level also because more energy will be required for the growth. Because more energy will be required for the growth. Yes or no? Yes. So as far as carbohydrate metabolism is concerned, growth hormone is a diabetes hormone. It means it will increase blood glucose. Agreed? Yes. How? It is going to increase hepatic glucose output. Okay? From the liver it will increase the glucose secretion and antagonizing the insulin. It will decrease the function of insulin because insulin having the function of decreasing the blood glucose level. Yes or no? Understood? Yes, sir. You can write. Excuse me, sir. Yes, dear? Sir, what is the gluconeogenesis for? Yes. We are discussing that. Let's see. Yes. It will also increase gluconeogenesis. Neu means new. Synthesis of glucose from a starch is normal or glycogen is normal. Yes or no? Because they are made up of glucose only. So it is synthesis of glucose from a new source and what will be the new source? It can be lactate. It can be fatty acid. It can be amino acid. Yes or no? Yes. So it will, this process will increase the blood glucose. Yes or no? I have written the definition also. Okay. So for gluconeogenesis we are going to require amino acid. Okay. And fatty fats also. That's my point. And principally fat. More fat is required. So if more fat is required, because if fatty acid is required, fat has to be broken. Triglycerides have to have to be broken. If fatty acid is required in more amount. Yes. Tell me. Yes sir. So what will happen? So fat, as far as fat metabolism is concerned, what will happen? Fatty acid will break. So growth hormone is going to, sorry, fatty acid is going to break metabolized and before that fat is going to be broken. So it will increase the free fatty acid level. Okay. And if fatty acid will be broken, it will lead to formation of ketone bodies. So it is a ketogenic hormone also. So it is increasing fatty acid in the blood. Agree dear? Yes sir. It is also going to increase the milk production in lactating mothers. It is also going to increase the milk production in lactating mothers. Because or you can say development of memory gland also it is required. Agree dear? Okay. Growth hormone also stimulates erythropoiesis, formation of blood. Because in, at any place wherever, at any place wherever you can say growth kind of activity is required. So primary or secondary effect will be there of growth hormone also. Yes or no? We'll talk about disorders. In case of hormones, there are two kind of disorders. One is hyper secretion. One is hyposecretion. One is hyper secretion. Hyposecretion is decreased secretion. And hyper secretion is increased secretion. Yes or no? Yes. Agreed? So due to hyposecretion, it is going to cause two diseases. One is dwarfism. One is acromycra. Okay, one is dwarfism, one is acromycaria. Do you see? What happens due to low secretion of growth hormone before puberty? All the bone will be sought. In this case, all bone will be affected. But if it will happen after puberty, most of the bone has grown already. Only few bones are affected, like bone of hand will be affected. Okay, height will be normal. In this case, hand will be sought. Agreed? Here, height will also be less. Likewise, hypersecretion, chisantism and acromegaly. Chisantism is due to oversecretion of growth hormone before puberty. And it is upper puberty. Yes or no? Yes or no? Done here? Such as these two things. Hyposecretion and hyperspiration. You can write. Done? Yes. Let's see. One is luteinizing hormone. One is luteinizing hormone. It is having effect on male and female and having different effect. Here, between the semi-ferrous tubule, later on in 12th, we are going to study this. Here is the interstitial cell. Okay, outside this lumen. Here is interstitial cell. That is known as lytic cells. So, allege, act on interstitial cell. Okay. Hence also known as interstitial cell stimulating hormone. Yes or no? Yes. Yes. It act on interstitial cell and bring about secretion of testosterone. And that leads to aspermetogenesis. Agreed, dear? In female, allege act on mature graphene follicle and brings about ovulation. Okay, it is an ovulatory hormone in females. Yes or no, dear? Yes. Agreed, everyone? Now, let's see. Once this graphene follicle ruptures, ovum is released and one more structure is formed. That structure is known as corpus luteum. Yes or no? After rupture of graphene follicle, ovum is released and one structure is formed. That is known as corpus luteum. Yes or no? It is having this yellow color pigment, lutein, hence known as corpus luteum. Hence known as corpus luteum. Agreed, dear? Everyone? And corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. It is situated inside ovary only. It is situated inside ovary only. So if something is getting secreted from corpus luteum, that means it is secreted from ovary only. Yes or no? Yes? Can you scroll up? Yes. Done, everyone? What is going to happen in male and what is going to happen in female, you know? Well, especially remember corpus luteum. Agreed? Done? Yes. Yes. One is follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, in males and in females. In males and in females. In males, it is going to act on sartoly cells, which cell? Sartoly cells. Agreed, dear? It is going to act on sartoly cells. And in female, it is going to act on developing follicle. See, this is the graphene follicle. It develops through all these stages. Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, then graphene follicle is going to be there. And then it will form the corpus luteum in the ovary. Yes or no? Yes or no? So this development, this development is under control of what? This development is under control of what? It is follicle-stimulating hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone in female. So once follicle will develop under the effect of FSH and then it will burst to release ovum under the influence of LH. Yes or no, dear? Yes or no? No. Yes. See, testosterone is released over here. Okay. And it is required inside the lumen. What is the factor that is going to concentrate the testosterone inside the lumen? This is androsine binding protein. Androsine binding protein. Androsine is the group. Testosterone is one of the member. Agreed, dear? Androsine is the group. Testosterone is one of the member. Yes or no? Everyone? Yes. Done? Done? Right on, please. Oh, sorry. I was on mute and I keep on telling you people this and that. Let's see. This is hypothalamus. This is anterior pituitary. This is thyroid gland. What is the role of TSH? Two roles are there. One is growth of thyroid gland. And another is synthesis of thyroxine inside thyroid gland. Yes or no? One is growth of thyroid gland. Another is synthesis of, synthesis of thyroxine inside the T3 and T4 inside the thyroid gland. Yes or no? Everyone? Yes. Yes. Let's see here. What happens? Hypothalamus is going to release TSH. This will act on anterior pituitary gland. Anterior pituitary will release TSH. It will go on thyroid gland and will bring about growth of thyroid gland and synthesis of T3 and T4 into it. When the blood level of T3 and T4 increases, it will send negative feedback. To decrease secretion of TSH and TRH. Agreed? And when blood level is going to decrease, it will increase the synthesis of TSH and TRH. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes. Everyone? Yes or no? It is like that only. Please write down. Then we will discuss the disorder. Done. Done. Done. Now see what happens in simple guider? What is the problem that is going to be there in simple guider? Iodine deficiency is there. What is there? Iodine deficiency is there. And for synthesis of T3 and T4, iodine is required. So will the level of T3 and T4 will decrease or not? Will the level of T3 and T4 will decrease or not? Yes sir. It will decrease. Surely it will decrease. What will happen? It will send positive feedback and release of TSH will increase. It will act on thyroid gland and will bring about growth of thyroid gland. But will the level of T3 or T4 will increase? Will the level of T3 and T4 increase? No. Why? Because iodine is not there. It will send more and more positive feedback. TSH will keep on increasing, but what will happen? It will not increase. So growth of thyroid gland will keep on taking place, but level of T3 and T4 will not increase. So in simple guider, level of T3 and T4 will remain low. Okay. Level of T3 and T4 will remain low, but level of TSH will increase. Yes or no dear? Yes. Everyone. Everyone. Done? Just a little bit. You can write down. Yeah. Please think about this. Done dear? Done. Now see what happens in exopthalmic guider? Exopthalmic guider is autoimmune disease. Which kind of disease? What happens in this? You can say there is autoimmune disease. What happens in that there is this. What happens in this is what happens in this? Exopthalmic guider is an autoimmune disease. What happens in this? You can say there is some problem with your immune system. And immune system is not able to, you can say differentiate between your own body cell and the foreign cell. Yes or no? Yes. Autoimmune disease. What happens in that? There is an antibody formed. antibody formed which is having TSS like activity. So what it will do? It will increase the size of thyroid gland and as iodine level is normal at this time. So T3 and T4 level will increase. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes sir. And increased level will send negative feedback. TSS level will decrease. Agreed? TSS level will decrease. Yes or no? Yes sir. TSS level will decrease. And now see here what will happen. But this TSS is not the culprit. Culprit is this one. So it will keep on increasing the size of thyroid gland and keep on increasing the level of T3 and T4. And this will keep on decreasing. So in exhaust tell me goiter what will happen? T3 or T4 will increase. And TSS will decrease. Yes or no? Yes sir. Done? Done? Yes sir. Okay. What happens? In this case the eyeball bulges out of orbit. And this condition is known as exopthalmos. Okay. Exopthalmos. Agreed everyone? Hence this is known as exopthalmic goiter. Yes or no? So you understood both the disease? Done sir. Done everyone? Now next hormone is prolactin. Prolactin is hormone that is responsible for growth of memory gland and also responsible for synthesis of milk into memory gland. So it is milk synthesizing. Yes or no? Agreed dear? Sorry. Done dear? Everyone? Adrenal corticotropic let's see ACTH. It act on adrenal cortex. Okay. And adrenal cortex having three layers. One is glomerulosa. One is aciculata and one is reticulitis. Three names are there. Okay. Glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticulitis. Okay. Glomerulosa secret aldosterone or mineralocorticoid. It is under the control of RAS that we have discussed in kidney. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Okay. Agreed? Yes. And secretion of jonofasciculata and reticulitis. Two layers are there. It is under control of glucocorticoid. You can say under control of ACTH. Okay. Fasciculata secretes glucocorticoid. Corticoid means a hormone that is secreted by adrenal cortex. Agreed dear? Okay. You can do this question. Done. Everyone? Just a minute. Done. I hope you people have understood also. Yes. One is melanocyte stimulating hormone. It is secreted by usually past intermediate. Okay. Act on melanocyte and pigment melanin is synthesized in the skin. It causes dark complexion. Dark color skin is there. It is due to MSH only. Done. Done. Everyone? Just a second. Yes. Done. Done. One is next is neurohypophysis. Okay. It is going to secret a hormone oxytocin. It is secreted by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. Okay. And released through pituitary posterior pituitary. Yes or no? What it do? What it do? It is going to act on a smooth muscle. Okay. It act on the myoepithelial cells of the memory gland and will bring about milk release. Hence, it is milk releasing hormone. Prolectin is milk synthesizing hormone. Yes or no? Yes. It causes vigorous contraction of uterus during parturition. It is the birth hormone also. At the time of ejaculation, oxytocin facilitates the transport of sperm towards the urethra. Yes or no? Everyone? So, so the primary function of oxytocin is always muscle contraction. A smooth muscle contraction. Yes, sir. Got it. Yes. Vesopration is loner, anti diuretic hormone. I have told you people the diagram of nephron. Do you people remember? Yes, sir. What do, what does it do? It act on collecting duct and distal DCT brings about absorption of water, of water, reabsorption of water rather. Now you see excess loss of water through urine is known as diuresis. It is preventing what? It is preventing what? Diuresis. Hence, it is known as anti diuretic. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Done. So, diabetes in and if and if hyposecretion of ADH will be there, it will lead to diabetes in C pedus. Agree, dear? Write down. Done, everyone? Done, everyone? Sir, just a second. Done, sir. Done, everyone? Volaveta? Sir, just a second. Oh, just a minute. Done, sir. Done. We will be meeting you people in the next class, okay? Whenever it is. Read out in CRT clearly. Okay, if you have any doubt or the remaining portion that you can ask anytime and let's see when it will be arranged. Bye. Have a good day.