 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel explore education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Galshri College, University of Allahabad. And today I am going to discuss a very important topic under educational psychology that is concept mapping. It is the subheading and the main topic of learning of concepts or concept learning in which I have earlier discussed concept formation with you all. And today I am going to discuss concept mapping that is Avadhara Na Manchitra and the lecture will be in bilingual mode as usual and will be very useful for various teaching examinations because this is a very important concept. Okay and do subscribe my channel too. So let's start. First of all, history. If you want to know the history of Avadhara Na Manchitra, where did it come from? So we use it so frequently, you can understand concept mapping as if you want to explain it from a flowchart. So your focus is on the title point which you want to tell the concept and we make the whole mapping of it. What is the relationship between concept, ideas, interlinking, and nodes. So where did concept mapping come from? Concept mapping was developed by Professor of Education Joseph D. Novak and his research team at Cornell University in the 1970s. That is, this concept is not very old. Only in 1970, Joseph D. Novak and his research team made it in Cornell University. How did they make it? Why did they make it? As a means of representing the emerging science knowledge of students. Students represent their science knowledge. It has subsequently been used as a way to increase meaningful learning in these sciences and other subjects as well. It has also been said that it is not only for the sciences but it can also be a way to increase meaningful learning in other subjects. To represent the expert knowledge of individuals and teams in education, government and business. Not only in education, government, policies, government, matters, business, you can use it anywhere and visualize it. There is a lot of information in short so that in totality you get an overview. And if we want to go into learning theory, then where does it originate from? Concept maps have their origin in the learning movement called constructivism. It is also a popular subject. You can also understand how important constructivism is in concept psychology and educational psychology. How many concepts have emerged from here? In particular, constructivists hold that learners actively construct knowledge. Why? Because constructivists believe that the learner who learns does his or her knowledge and actively participates in it. That means he or she works on it. Nowak's work is based on the cognitive theories of David Osbell. Now you remember which theory is David Osbell? David Osbell's theory is the sub-sumption theory in which recently we discussed the advance organizer with you. What is that based on? It is a sub-sumption theory. What is the sub-sumption theory? What is the sub-sumption theory? It says that if you want to teach something new to the learner, then it is necessary to relate the knowledge you have learned from the previous knowledge. Only then can he learn something new. Who stressed the importance of prior knowledge in being able to learn or assimilate new concepts? Whenever you want to assimilate a new concept with a student, then you should relate it to prior knowledge. The most important single factor of influencing learning is what the learner already knows according to Osbell, according to Joseph Dinova. What they are saying is that the most important single factor that can influence learning is that the learner already knows that. Okay. Constructivism. We have already talked on constructivism but still a quick review. Sorry. On constructivism, constructivism is derived from the field of cognitive psychology. It is derived from the field of cognitive psychology. And how does it work? Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism. So, cognitivism became constructivism later on. So, it is derived from cognitive psychology. And what is the constructivist paradigm based on? P.A.J. Sahab, who is the main work of cognitive psychology. Leib Eibotzki, Jerome Bruner, Howard Gardner and Nelson Goodman. The main constructivism paradigm of so many people is based on their work. And what is the main assumption of constructivism? That knowledge does not exist out there in an objective reality. I mean, they say that knowledge is not an objective reality. Everyone will see it objectively. They say that it is a subjective reality. Why? Because the subject itself works on it. On what? He is constructing his own knowledge. He is constructing his own reality. So, it cannot be objective. So, knowledge is actively constructed from within by the learner. Okay. Then concept mapping fits well with the constructivist approach that learners construct their own idiosyncrating understandings of concepts. That is, learners themselves are accepting their own concept. For example, if you do not understand the concept, then the other person doesn't understand the concept, the third person doesn't understand it. Why? Because everyone has their own knowledge and present, which is an instructional material, and they have been working on it themselves and constructed their own concept. The teacher who constructs concept maps for classes is interested in students' understanding of relationships between facts, not just knowing the facts. Means, the teacher who makes a concept map for a child, for a student, who is interested in knowing what is the interrelationship between the facts, it is more important to understand it, instead of just telling the facts. Okay. So, concept mapping is an art tool for visually organizing and representing conceptual knowledge. Means, we give an organized form to your conceptual knowledge, which is visual. Means, by looking at it, we get to know what we are going to teach. They are graphic representations made of a collection of concepts. Means, we connect many concepts with nodes and make these graphic representations. Semantically linked together. Meaning, they are meaningfully linked together. It's not like some things are scattered and they are concept mapping. Semantically linked together is the most important. They allow for the organization and association of ideas without the constraint of linearization, inherent in written or oral expression. What happens in written? We keep writing and writing and writing. So, there is no interrelationship. There is no association. There is no organization. But when you make a concept map, then all these things are inherent in it. And it also favors creativity. What else is there? In other words, there is a diagram, there is a picture, there is a graphical tool. Okay, there is no graphics. Visually represents relationships. The same thing has come again. That we can visually represent the relationship. We are going to see the relationship between concepts and ideas. Okay. And most concept maps depict ideas as boxes or circles, also called nodes. We make them in a circle, sorry. We make them in a box, we make them in a circle. We make them in a circle, we make them in a circle. The hierarchy of the structures, which are above, whose protocol is above, below, below, and then all its parts. Then a concept map is characterized by the number of concepts and links between them. Is this considered to represent the richness of the individual's cognitive structures and concept and understanding? Means the richness of that is reflected in all the concepts you have in the circle. The more complex it becomes, the richer it becomes. Why you use a concept map? So, the brain processes visual 60,000 times faster than it processes text. So, when something comes through the concept map, the brain will try to understand it by processing it as soon as possible. When there's a tool to organize and represent knowledge, concept mapping can help you visualize relationships between various concepts in test, your understanding of complex subjects. Thinking through and visually representing relationships between ideas form mental connections that allow for better retention of knowledge. Because we can see all the concepts and ideas that are interlinked with each other. So, the mental connection in our brain creates greater retention of knowledge and learning is better. This diagram is a popular way to capture the understanding of a topic for work. So, what will happen is that the examiner will be able to seek attention. Because he will be able to understand the concept of knowledge. It's used most frequently in academics, but the process can be easily applied to other fields. In studies, it's used the most, but it can be easily applied anywhere in different areas. Benefits for learning are many. It doesn't require explanation, it's comprehension, it increases your boredom, synthesizing information, its installation, encourages brainstorming, encourages our Mastis Kutplavan. Forsters' discovery of new concepts, provides clear communication, promotes collaborative learning, increases creativity, identifies areas that need further knowledge and review. We also know which areas need further knowledge. So, there are many. I mean, there are numerous. When to make a concept map? When do we feel that we need to tell it through the concept map? Our verbal or text won't work. So, when? When presenting a concise overview of a field. You need to tell a little bit of an overview. So, you need to write a concept map. Absorbing information while studying for an exam. For the exam, we are preparing for the last time. So, what will we do? We will make a concept map. Assessing a student's grasp of a particular topic. We need to ask a child in 5 minutes to understand what he or she has studied. So, you can make a concept map. There is no time to write. Consolidating knowledge, demonstrating an unacceptable level of understanding, defining knowledge that exists in your head. There are many such situations when you have to make a concept map. You have the best option. See, this is the first concept map. A lot of people must have understood it. You don't have to make such a sample for them. For example, I took a critical... Sorry. Critical digital literacy. This is the main concept in the middle. Sorry. So, from here, as he was saying, it can be in boxes or in circuits. And it is interlinked with each other. It is a relationship. It can be code-breaking, meaning-making. It can be using and creating, analyzing. Persona. From this, it means identity building, reputation, management, participation. In this way. How many information you have made so that the other person can understand it. So, how to make it? First of all, we define the focus question. Our focus question is, what do you understand by critical digital literacy? Select key concepts for answering the question. So, the key concept we have chosen is code-breaking, meaning-making. These are our key concepts. Add context. Now, we will add context to it. How did code-breaking relate to all this? Meaning-making related to all this? I have taken such a diagram. Why is it incomplete? Because it is not telling the meaning of critical digital literacy. What is it? It is a component. It is a sub-part. What is it? It should be written here. If it is written here, then your concept map will actually bring the right concept map. Then, rearrange and interlink concept. We have to re-use and interlink concepts. So, I have just taken an example for you. There are types of concept maps. What do we generally do? We generally use flow chart. This is a flow chart. But this can be a spider map. This is the topic we are going to talk about. It is all written here. From here to here. From here to here. The structure of this is like a spider. That is why it is a spider map. Insert your title here. If it is not written here, then try to tell it through a diagram. Then, flow chart. As we use most of it. Teaching technology portfolio. We have come out of it. Teaching philosophy. Reflections on technology. Then, samples. This is it. This is it. It can be a hierarchy map. It is the biggest molecule. Have motion. Increase by heat. Determine states. Can be solid, gas, liquid. So, it cannot be solid, gas, liquid. It can be a molecule. So, hierarchy is the set. If it is a map like this, then it is a hierarchy map. System map. System map. See, this is a system. Now, everything is connected to this. See, this is connected to this. This is connected to this. This is connected to this. This is connected to this. So, this is a system. This is a system. There is a focus point in the middle. It shows the association with all the ideas. So, it is just a tight hit. There are so many types of concepts. Then, digital tools for concept map. Now, see, digital world has done everything for us. Now, we do not need to take pencil and paper and erase it again and again. We made it with great effort. Now, we have such software, such apps, free downloadable open source. From which we can easily make a concept map. In that, it gives us the whole structure, gives us the whole background. We just have to fill in the blanks where we want to keep. Apart from this, it organizes in many ways. You can make it like this or like this. I have not taken its detail out here. Then, we go with our focus. But you should know that digital tools are also available for concept map easily. Many free online downloadable open source applications are available that can be used to create concept maps with many being expressly designed for this purpose. For example, free mind, mind map, C map tools, etc. You can search for free mind on Google Chrome and it will show you. Download it and keep it on your system. Whenever you want to create a concept map, there are a lot of C map tools. So, you can easily create a very complex concept map. And it is very attractive. It will tell you what color you want to keep, what design you want to keep, what oval shape you want to keep, what box you want to keep, what circle you want to keep, what you want to keep. In numerous, it has organizational structures. Okay. So, concept map is also complete today. There are only two main topics in learning of concepts. Concept formation, which was discussed earlier. Concept mapping, which I told you today. And concept formation, we use it in its place, in its place, instead of concept learning. So, more or less, there is not much difference in both. So, concept formation, concept learning, or concept mapping, you can say, I have covered it. Okay. So, thank you. And don't forget to like and subscribe my channel, explore education, so that you can communicate with me too. Okay. Done from myself.