 This is the last part of this unit which is devoted to the International Organization. This is the sort of specificity of the nuclear industry, its international characteristic, because as we have seen with Chernobyl, an accident somewhere may have consequences outside the country. It has the supreme of Chernobyl which spread all over Europe. Given the impact in terms of media, in terms of public opinion of an accident in any country, it has an impact on the organization and the industry everywhere. There is a say in the nuclear industry, an accident anywhere is an accident for everybody. This explains the development of several international organizations that plays an important role. The first one is the International Rhetemic Energy Agency. This is a United Nation organization which was established in 1957 in Vienna. IEA has several roles, the first one and the historical role was to monitor the non-proliferation treaty. The IEA role is also to promote nuclear applications, not only for energy as nuclear reactor, but also in other domains like the medical utilization of isotope for treatment of diagnostic or also industrial applications such as non-destructive testing. But the role that is interesting us today here is the role of IEA to promote safety cooperation between member states. We will develop a little bit later this role of IEA. Another important organization is the World Association of Nuclear Operators. This organization was established in 1990 to foster safety performance among its members and we will come again to explain the main activity of WANO. And it's important to mention also the role of WENRA, which is a club of European regulators. So let's begin with the safety role of IEA. The main role is to analyze and assess safety. So one program of the IEA has been to develop an incident reporting system, which is a database of worldwide incidents reported by national regulators. And this system was established after a three mile island and has collected in that most of the operating experience worldwide. Another important program is this operating safety analysis review team. It consists of a team of experienced specialists from different countries visiting a plant for two or three weeks and observing the activities, visiting in detail the plant, interviewing people, and at the end they prepare a report of what they have seen and what are their recommendations to improve safety. Similar to this OSART, who focus on operators and utilities, IEA has developed an IRRS, which is a process similar to OSART, but which look at the regulatory organization and activities of the different countries. Another program is this international advisory group that was also created soon after Chernobyl accident. It's a small group of very high level experts coming from different countries advising on major safety issues and they are able to set back and to write reports on very fundamental issues that could be sort of high level guides for improving safety. We have mentioned previously the INSIG-4 reports, which define the safety culture concept as well as the INSIG-13 reports, which develop what should include the safety management. Also, IEA in the 90s prepare an international convention on nuclear safety. It's a commitment from all the signatories, most countries are signatories of this convention. It's a commitment to improve safety and to communicate between them the progress they are making on safety and to define priorities for the years to come. An important activity also of the IEA is to develop safety standards. At the top they have defined 10 safety fundamentals, but below these fundamentals they are general safety requirements and also specific safety requirements for instance for such kind of fuel cycle facility, reactors at the design stage or reactors for operation. There are also some specific safety requirements on geological disposal. The lower level of the IEA key of standards are the safety guides, which are either generic in terms of activity of our facility but also specific to such or such a plant or such hazards or a way of assessing safety. So this is a full collection of documents. The safety fundamentals and the general safety requirements are binding, but of course the guides are just guidance, which are not mandatory. You have here the most important requirement from the IEA to show what kind of issues they are covering. So in the general safety requirements there are requirements on the organization of government and regulators, how to manage safety, some requirements on radiation protection, how to assess the safety of a facility or activities, how to manage radioactive waste and the decommissioning and also how to organize emergency preparedness. And on a more specific requirement you have the requirement on site assessment, of course safety of nuclear power plants at the design stage and the operating stage, safety of research reactor, fuel cycle facility, radioactive waste disposal and also transport of radioactive material. So when this stands for West European Nuclear Regulator Association, it's a sort of club of regulators that was established in 1999 to try to harmonize safety requirements in Europe. WENRAP developed what they call reference level for operating reactors. These reference levels are not binding, but all the members of this club or these European regulators commit to integrate the corresponding reference level requirements into their own national regulation. In 2008, the first version of this reference level was made public and it was then updated after Fukushima in 2014. Besides these reference levels which are actually some sort of requirements, WENRAP developed also a safety objective for new reactors and the first version of this safety objective was published in 2010 and updated more recently. An important aspect of the safety objective that the WENRAP required that when conducting a periodic safety review of existing reactors, the safety objective for new reactors be considered as a sort of reference. This is just a picture of the WENRAP report that explains all these reference levels for existing reactors. This last organization is the World Association of Nuclear Operators. This is an independent association of all worldwide nuclear operators and they have four main programs. The first one deals with operating experience. 1.0 is able to make in-depth analysis of some events with recommendation to be implemented by members and it could cover either individual important events but also a collection of similar events that have in themselves a safety significance. The second program is to support technical exchange between operators that allows to make some comparison of good practices and also to develop some performance indicator on safety and other aspects and that allows to make a comparison between the different operators on their performance and the way whether they are in the first quartile or in the lower quartile and to know the kind of progress they could make. The third program is professional and technical development. This is done through the organization of seminars and experts meeting in order to get more in-depth and made more detailed exchange or such safety issues. The last one is peer review. This is probably the most significant and efficient program of 1.0. 1.0 peer review consists of a group of about 15 staff members from other companies scrutinizing organizational and operational aspects of a nuclear plant. They are visiting a nuclear plant for two to three weeks also looking at how the plant is operated, interviewing people and they define areas for improvements and good practices also. After 18 months, a peer review is organized to check the progress that have been made in the areas defined as area for improvement. This is a sort of control whether progress has been made or not and this report is known of course to the CEO. This kind of program is very successful. There are about 50 peer reviews organized each year. This program involves a strong implication of the CEO at the top of the company level and there is a sort of peer pressure because none of the CEO wants to be seen as the black swan in the population. This is very efficient. This is a pressure by the peers. Initially, the peer review scope was focusing on operational aspects but after Fukushima and the fact that it was discovered that some modification of the design was not taken into account at the Fukushima plant. The peer review of one who covers now design aspects in order to ensure that if some hardware modification was needed for taking into consideration some experience to ensure that these design modifications are made. It's a sort of conclusion of all these international aspects which is really important. How far are we from an international safety regulator? Up to now numerous initiatives from regulators to harmonize safety requirements and practices have been made. I mentioned WENRA in Europe. We can mention also this MDP which is an organization of regulators of countries that are prepared to construct new reactors and to exchange information and to exchange safety analysis. We can mention also through the OECD, the Nuclear Energy Agency that have a lot of working groups between regulators and operators to try to progress and to harmonize and to define international positions on some important safety aspects. But all these common positions and all these activities are not binding. So it's up to each regulator to decide whether or not to follow all the ads. So if we want really to have the same level of safety worldwide an international safety regulator with real powers of enforcement would be necessary and especially for new nuclear countries. But there are big obstacles to that. First of all, nuclear is a very sensitive issue and governments and well-established national regulators want to keep their independence. They don't want to have a super regulator at the international level. Another obstacle is that the very large international organization begin to be very quickly bureaucracy. And so these are two very difficult obstacles for international safety regulators to come and certainly it will be a long way to go before reaching such an international organization.