 The Tehran metropolitan area experiences a reversal of the urban heat island effect during the daytime, where temperatures are lower in the city than in its surrounding rural areas. At night, however, the temperature differential increases, with temperatures in the city being higher than those in the countryside. This phenomenon is caused by the presence of bare soil surfaces in the city, which absorb more solar radiation during the day and release it back into the atmosphere at night. Additionally, the presence of buildings and roads in the city also contributes to this phenomenon.