 This is the ESOcast, cutting-edge science and life behind the scenes of ESO, the European Southern Observatory, exploring the ultimate frontier with our host Dr. J, a.k.a. Dr. Joe Liske. Hello and welcome to this special episode of the ESOcast. Leading up to ESO's 50th anniversary in October 2012, we will showcase eight special features portraying ESO's first 50 years of exploring the southern sky. Astronomy is big science. It's a vast universe out there, and the exploration of the cosmos requires huge instruments. This is the five-meter hail reflector on Paloma Mountain. When the European Southern Observatory came into being 50 years ago, it was the largest telescope in the world. ESO's very large telescope at Cerro Paranal is the state of the art now. As the most powerful observatory in history, it has revealed the full splendor of the universe in which we live. But astronomers have set their sights on even bigger instruments, and ESO is realizing their dreams. San Pedro de Atacama. To midst breathtaking scenery and natural wonders, this picturesque town is home to indigenous Atacamanos and adventurous backpackers alike. And ESO astronomers and technicians. Not far from San Pedro, ESO's first dream machine is taking shape. It's called ALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter Sub-Millimeter Array. ALMA is a joint project of Europe, North America and East Asia. It operates like a giant zoom lens. Close together, the 66 antennas provide a wide-angle view. But spread apart, they reveal much finer detail over a smaller area of sky. At sub-millimeter wavelengths, ALMA sees the universe in a different light. But what will it reveal? The birth of the very first galaxies in the universe in the wake of the Big Bang. Cold and dusty clouds of molecular gas. The stellar nurseries where new suns and planets are born. And the chemistry of the cosmos. ALMA will track down organic molecules, the building blocks of life. Construction of the ALMA antennas is in full swing. Two giant transporters, called Otto and Loreth, take the completed antennas up to the Chachnantour Plateau. At 5,000 meters above sea level, the array provides an unprecedented view of the microwave universe. While ALMA is nearly completed, ESO's next dream machine is still a few years away. See that mountain over there? That's Cerro Amazonis. Not far from Paranal, it will be home to the largest telescope in the history of mankind. Meet the European Extremely Large Telescope, the world's biggest eye on the sky. Sporting a mirror almost 40 meters across, the EELT simply dwarfs every telescope that preceded it. Almost 800 computer-controlled mirror segments. Complex optics to provide the sharpest possible images. A dome as tall as a church steeple. The EELT is an exercise in superlatives. But the real wonder, of course, is in the universe out there. The EELT will reveal planets orbiting other stars. Its spectrographs will sniff the atmosphere of these alien worlds, looking for biosignatures. Further away, the EELT will study individual stars in other galaxies. It's like meeting the inhabitants of neighboring cities for the first time. Working as a cosmic time machine, the giant telescope lets us look back billions of years to learn how everything began. And it may solve the riddle of the accelerating universe. The mysterious fact that galaxies are pushed away from each other faster and faster. Astronomy is big science and it's a science of big mysteries. Is there life beyond Earth? What's the origin of the universe? ESO's new monster telescope will help in our quest to understand. We're not there yet, but it won't take long. So what's next? Well, no one knows, but ESO is ready for the adventure.