 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying the Ach Sandhi or the Vavel Sandhi. We have noted that Ach Sandhi is classified broadly under two heads, Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dristhanika Ekadesha. And we are studying the Ekasthanika Ekadesha. What this means is that there is one substitute, Ekadesha, in place of one substituent, Ekasthanika Ekadesha. And we noted that there are two instances of this type of Sandhi. The first one is Yen Sandhi and the second one is Ayava Yava Sandhi. And we have been studying the Yen Sandhi in some detail now. And we shall study the Dristhanika Ekadesha later on after we finish the second instance, namely Ayava Yava Sandhi and its study. The diagrammatic representation of Ekasthanika Ekadesha is as follows. Here you have A in close proximity with B. So you have A plus B. B is the right hand side environment. And A is substituted by C. A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. A is the substituent, the Sthani and C is the substitute and the Aadesha. This first type of sutras are stated in this section from 6172 onwards up to 6183. And as we saw earlier, we have been studying the Yen Sandhi, the first instance of Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We have studied the Sutra, Ekoyanachi. We also studied the expanded meaning of Ekoyanachi when we apply the Udesha Vidheya Bhava and we apply the Sutra, Anodic Savarnasya Chapratayaha in the meaning of Ekoyanachi. Then we also noted the criterion for selection of substitute. Then we looked at individual examples. Then we are discussing various other related aspects. We continue the discussion and today we shall deal with the interrelation between the Svarasutras and the Yen Sandhi. This is an extremely important topic related to the Yen Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is an input to the real rules dealing with the accent. I repeat, Yen Sandhi is an input to the rules dealing with the accent or Svaras in both situations within a Pradha, a Pradha internal and between two Pradhas or external Sandhi. In this particular lecture, we shall focus on these two sutras which are primarily the internal Yen Sandhi based sutras dealing with accent. The first one is 61174 Udattayano Halpurvaat. And the second one is 824 Udattasvarita Yoho Yanaha Svarito Anodattasya. Let us look at the meanings of these sutras and the examples in detail. First of all, let us try to study two derivations, one of which would be the example of these two sutras and the other one would be the one for contrast. So, here we have the verbal root crew and we are deriving the agentive form derived from verbal root crew after adding the suffix trich. So, we have crew plus trich, added by 31133. Then by 133 and 139, we get crew plus tru. Then by 7384, crew becomes kar and we have kar plus tru and so we get the form kar tru. In all these steps, there isn't any accent mark shown, which is quite obvious because both elements in the process, they possess one Udatta accent, which is always unmarked as far as the Rigvedic writing, accent writing pattern is concerned. So, crew plus tru and we have both vowels unmarked, both vowels Udatta. And then when we join them together, it is this accent which is retained and so this Udatta gets converted into an Anodatta. So, we have the form kar tru with the final vowel Udatta, Ru being Udatta. So, kar is shown as Anodatta. The meaning of this word is one who does, which is a doer. Kar tru means a doer. Now, let us take a look at the derivation shown on the right hand side of this slide. The derivation is same except the marker in the suffix. Here it is trun and the sutra is different. It is 3, 2, 1, 35. This suffix trun is also an agent of suffix, but there are some additional shades of meanings like the chila, the dharma and tatsadhukari, one whose habit it is or one whose skill it is and so on. So, we have crew plus trun. Once again 1, 3, 3 and 1, 3, 9 play a role and we have crew plus tru. Then we have 7, 3, 8, 4 and we have kar plus tru. And then as before, all these elements they are accented, they have odatta accent, but at this particular final stage, the accent of this element was going to remain, but because of the marker n now, the initial vowel gets accented. So, this initial vowel is accented now and so we have kar tru with an initial odatta and rhu as anodatta and this anodatta comes immediately after an odatta and therefore this anodatta is converted into a swarita, odatta dhanodattasya swarita ha. And so there is a swarita mark, vertical bar on top of rhu. This is what is kar tru with initial vowel odatta. The meaning over here is one who does yes, but one whose habit it is to do. That means a skilled doer. So, that is the meaning difference. If you have initial vowel odatta in this form kar tru, the meaning is going to be a skilled doer and if the final vowel is going to be odatta in this form, the meaning is just a doer, doer of an action. That is all. These meaning differences brought about by the accents are extremely important for us to study the accent based on the yan sandhi later on in this lecture. It is important to see now when we add certain suffixes to these two forms, how the other forms are derived. Let us first of all look at the forms derived of the word kar tru with the final vowel being odatta, like this. So, kar tru has got this final vowel odatta. Remember this means that this is derived by adding the suffix trich and the meaning of this form is just a doer. So, how would this one of the forms of this prādipadika figure? They are stated on this particular slide. These are the forms derived. Amongst them there are four forms which are marked in blue. kar tra, kar tre, kar tro ho and also kar tro ho. These are peculiar and of our interest where we are studying the interrelation between the yan sandhi stating rule and the accent stating rules. Here is the sutra, udatta yanohalpur vāt 6.1.174 which plays a very crucial role in bringing about the accent in these forms. So, the meaning of the sutra is stated over here. What this sutra means is that the vibhakti suffixes known as asarvanāmasthāna meaning thereby that they start from the sixth case in this case and elements known as nadī which come immediately after a yan substitution which is after a consonant in place of an udatta vowel then such an asarvanāmasthāna vibhakti or a nadī they are substituted by an udatta vowel. Let me read again the vibhakti suffixes known as asarvanāmasthāna that is starting from the sixth in this particular case and elements known as nadī these elements are substituted by an udatta vowel when they come immediately after a yan substitution in place of an udatta vowel and this yan substitution should be after a consonant. Here is an example, kartru plus ā and then there is a yan sandhi taking place so this ru becomes r, we have kartru plus ā and then kartru plus ā and we join it together and we have kartra. Remember this ā is marked as an udatta over here but in this particular step it is marked as udatta and as a result this final ā is marked as udatta this is what we showed on this previous slide by the blue inked forms kartra this final ā is udatta this final ā is udatta this os is udatta and similarly this os is also udatta so what is the explanation of udatta yano halkur vād this is the explanation any sup suffix is stated to be anadatta by default by the sutra anadatta usuppitao so the suffixes over here including ā, a, os and os all of them they are anadatta but they are stated to be udatta 5, 6, 1, 1, 7, 8, 4 if and only if the suffix comes after 1 it should come after a yan substitution obviously the substituent is an ik which is udatta so this ik should be udatta and then this ik should be substituted by a yan and also this yan substitution is preceded by a consonant so if we take a look at this example once again we note that we have kartru plus ā and we have kartru plus ā this is the place where yan sandhi takes place here we have kartru with the final rū as udatta and therefore k is marked as anadatta ā is a sup suffix so it is marked as anadatta now because of this ā this rū is getting substituted by r so we have kartru plus ā now 6, 1, 1, 7, 4 applies and says that this ā is to be substituted by an udatta ā this is unmarked and this is an udatta ā and so we joined this together and we get the form kartra where ā is udatta ā even when stated as anadatta by default by anadatta sup pitau because of 6, 1, 1, 7, 4 where yan sandhi comes into play as a condition this ā becomes udatta so we get kartra with final udatta kartre also final udatta kartro ho kartro ho final vowel being udatta here we see that rū obviously is a it is also udatta here we know why because this is the trich suffix now this rū is coming after t so this is rū this is t and by 6, 1, 7, 7 it is substituted by yan that yan in this case is r after which ā which is anadatta now by the application of 6, 1, 1, 7, 4 this ā becomes udatta in this way the forms kartra kartre kartro ho can be explained here the sutra 6, 1, 1, 7, 4 plays a very crucial role which takes 6, 1, 7, 7 as an input now if we look at the forms of the word kartru with initial udatta vowel this will be a contrast and this word kartru is derived by adding the suffix trun the meaning of this word is a skilled doer in this case the initial vowel is udatta so the other vowels they are anodatta so here we have kartra in which the initial vowel is udatta this vowel is anodatta kartru followed by another anodatta vowel ā now there is yan sandhi rū getting substituted by rū but this yan is not in place of an udatta vowel this is in place of an anodatta vowel and therefore this anodatta ā does not get substituted by an udatta ā as happened in the previous example this is the contrast similar thing happens in kartre and kartro ho and kartro ho so in all these forms the final vowel remains anodatta kartra ā is anodatta but this anodatta comes immediately after an udatta therefore this anodatta gets converted into a swarita by the sutra udatta anodattasya swarita similarly kartre and you have this anodatta vowel ā which gets converted into a swarita because this anodatta comes immediately after an udatta similarly in kartro ho and kartro ho this ā which is anodatta and this comes after the yan rū which has come in place of the anodatta rū and therefore this is converted into a swarita by udattasya swarita this is how the forms of kartru meaning the skilled doer differ from the forms of kartru meaning just a doer and udattayonohalpurvaat applies in case of the word kartru meaning just a doer than in the word meaning a skilled doer so even though yant sandhi has taken place over here it is not in place of an udattayik and therefore udattayonohalpurvaat does not apply here now let us look at the feminine form derived from the word kartru this will be the example of the nadi form also mentioned in udattayonohalpurvaat we looked at the examples kartra etc they are the asarvanāmasthānavibhaktis and gīp is the nadi termed element gīp is marked with the marker p whose function it is to show that this gī or ī is anodattā by the sutra anodattau supitau now you have the word kartru once again with the final rū being udattā so this means a doer just a doer and now you want to derive a form with the feminine gender information added to it so you want to say she who is a doer and so you have the word kartru you add the suffix gīp by 415 rūdne bhiyongīp and so here this ī is anodattā by default this rū is udattā now there is a yant sandhi that is happening in place of an udattavaval so this rū gets substituted by rū over here now 61174 applies and because this is a yant sandhi in place of an udattavaval this anodatt becomes an udatt by 61174 this is a nadi and this becomes udatt so we have kartru plus ī, ī being udatt and finally we get the form kartri with the final vowel being udattā she who is a doer similarly if you look at this derivation we have kartru initial vowel udattā followed by gīp so kartru has got initial vowel udattā anmā ī is anodattā by default by the sutra anodattav suptitav once again there is yant sandhi but now this yant happens in place of an anodattavaval which comes immediately after an udattā therefore it is converted into a swarita but this anodattā and this anodattā gets the substitute yant and so now 61174 does not apply and this ī is not converted into an udattavaval so it retains its anodattā status and once again we have the initial vowel udattā and this kartri where kā is udattā means she who is a skillful doer so in one form where long ī is udattā in kartri the meaning is just who is a doer she who is a doer and where the initial vowel is udattā the meaning is she who is a skillful doer this is the difference that is brought about by the yant sandhi and the sutra udattā yanohal purvād to which yant sandhi acts as an input now when we derive the padha forms from the feminine form kartri this is how the sutras apply and the forms happen so for example we are right now looking at the word kartri which has got the final vowel udattā which is derived from the word kartru which has got the final root udattā now this ī is udattā followed by the sup suffixes which are by default anudattā so we have kartri plus awu awu being udattā and then some other rule udattā swaritayo yanas swarito anudattāsya comes into play and converts this anudattā into a swarita so there are these three forms showed in blue ink which are subjected to the application of the sutra udattā swaritayo yanas swarito anudattāsya and yant sandhi is the input for this particular sutra then we have these forms shown in the green colors in which once again udattayonohal purvād applies and so the final vowel becomes udattā kartriya kartriye kartriyaha kartriyaha kartriyoho kartriyao and kartriyoho in contrast if we studied the forms in contrast if we studied the forms derived by the from the word kartri with an initial vowel being udattā which means that this word kartri is derived by adding the suffix trin to the verbal root cru and the meaning of this form is a skilled doer she who is a skilled doer the verb the verb forms of this kartri are of the following nature kartri everywhere you have the initial vowel being udattā now kartriyao etc the long e which is anudattā gets substituted by a yān followed by au which is also an anadattā but because this yānsandir has not taken place in place of an udattā vowel no sutra applies over here the ones that we have seen udattayonohal purvād obviously has no scope over here but udattasvaritayor yana swaritonodattasya does not apply here and so we do not get this swarita as swatantrasvarita this is a swarita but this is primarily an anodattā which comes immediately after this udattā and therefore it is a swarita now in none of the other forms like kartriya kartriya etc we see that there is this udattā vowel being substituted by yān and therefore the by default anodattā vowel getting converted by an udattā vowel that is not happening over here in all the forms of this we have the initial vowel being accented this is for the sake of contrast so here is the sutra udattasvaritayor yana swaritonodattasya what this means is an anodattā vowel which comes immediately after the yana substitution which replaces an udattā or a swarita vowel so that anodattā vowel is substituted by a swarita vowel I repeat an anodattā vowel is substituted by a swarita vowel and anodattā vowel is substituted by a swarita vowel if this anodattā vowel comes immediately after the yana substitution which replaces an udattā or a swarita vowel so here we have kartriya with the final vowel being udattā followed by au with anodattā accent shown with the horizontal bar below the letter and so now eco-energy applies and this e gets substituted by yā so now you have kartriya plus au so this yā has come in place of an udattā e and so this sutra 824 applies over here and we have kartriya plus au and this au which is an anodattā gets converted into a swarita and this kā remains an anodattā but this au is the swarita this is how it is shown kartriya so kā is anodattā au is swarita which is considered to be the swatantra swarita kartriya the explanation of this sutra is this any sub-suffix is stated to be anodattā by default but it is stated to be swarita by 824 if and only if it comes after a young substitution whose substituent is an ik which is an udattā vowel also the scope of application of this sutra is the sarvanāmasthāna-vibhakti which is the first 5 suffixes udattayano-halpurvād applies in the sarvanāmasthāna-vibhakti that is beginning with the sixth suffix now in this example kartri plus au where you have final vowel being udattā followed by au and kartriya is derived this is an explanation here au is anodattā shown by horizontal bar this is preceded by e which is udattā and if you look at the history of this e you will also find that initially this e was anodattā but this e got converted into anodattā by the application of 61174 because when this e appears in the environment of this e the following rule vowel which is udattā was substituted by yan which is a rā therefore this e gets converted into an udattā vowel now this e gets substituted by the substitution yan in this case it is here and so now this au is substituted by asparita this is how it is shown with the vertical bar on top so we have kartriya with asparita on top of au we also observed that udattayano-halpurvād applies in case of the vibhakti forms from instrumental onwards where we derive the form kartriya in this particular fashion kartri plus au where you had kartri with e as udattā followed by au which is an anodattā and now because this e which is anodattā gets substituted by yan that is here then this au which was anodattā anodattā earlier is now substituted by an udattā and so we have the form kartriya with the final vowel being udattā which is a sup and therefore which is originally stated to be anodattā but now because of the application of 61174 udattayano-halpurvād this becomes udattā to summarize what we have seen so far the accent that was stated on the suffix through records different meaning conditions in case of truch the meaning is just a doer in case of trun the meaning is a skilled doer and the different accent is also provided by panini to indicate this change of meaning and then the pratipudika gets derived with these features of different meaning as well as different accent even though the word form looks similar and the difference in accent is also visible when a feminine suffix is added in one case because the vowel rū which is udattā gets substituted by yan and in other case vowel rū which is anodattā which gets substituted by yan so the word in which vowel rū was udattā and got substituted by yan feminine suffix becomes udattā and the word in which the vowel rū was not udattā and got substituted by yan nīp or ī does not become udattā this is the difference of accent that is also visible when a feminine suffix is added and then when we derive the the forms of these words in the feminine suffix the same accent also plays a very crucial role as far as the final accent of the final pada is concerned and we have studied this in detail in this particular lecture to conclude we can say that this is how history of an accent in the derivation process plays a crucial role in explaining accent at different levels and most importantly this is how the yan sandhi becomes an input for accent rules thank you for your attention