 And, of course, what you see is some variable amount of brine. And what it has suggested to a series of experiments like this is that they like to work with soils of certain moisture conditions. And that's what they do is they actually bring in the soil. They work with it. And then they put it out. And that soil has about 18% moisture. So you wanted to see this process in action. So we used something called fluorescein as a pretty cheap chemical, but it glows in UV. So what we did was then bring the termite mumps to the lab, have two patches. One's a dry soil patch. And there's a wet soil patch, which is mixed with water mixed with fluorescein. And we can see what happens. I should mention that this observation and question was prompted by the work of a high school student in the lab who was brave enough to try and put an endoscopic camera down the mound. And he saw a lot of termites with swollen bellies. And he wondered if they were transporting water. And that's what led to these things. So you can see that there's a lot of termites actually just ingesting the water. And in certain cases, you see also some intimate moments. So here's a termite with water. It's communicating with this other termite. This is a behavior also seen in acts with the exchange water. So we feel that there might be transporting water from one side to the other. And this is work ongoing, but we feel that this is a very important line to follow. We are looking at how they modulate moisture levels. And could just give us a clue about how they are able to build mounds in heavy rains in a boomway, for instance, in northern Karnataka, which receives tremendous amounts of rainfall versus Bangalore, in which you have a lot of rain and then a long period of dryness. Just in the last little bit, running out of time, want to talk a little bit about traffic rules and termites. I mentioned very briefly that you don't see traffic jam in termites. How does this work? So that is prompted a series of experiments by Shri Krishna Raja Verma. And this is the nature of the experiments. What we do is we take a bunch of termites, put them in a plastic box, and wait. And they go from chaos to order pretty rapid. What we can then do is take videos like this and track individual termites. So that red mark is a single termite as it goes from chaos to order. We can see 10 or 15 of the termites and get some sense of how they are moving. And then measure the angular velocity or whatever parameter we want. So we wanted to ask, is this behavior densely dependent? And the reason we ask that question is we know that single cockroaches like to follow walls. They like to follow walls because they're at any brush against the wall. And they are working in that so they are effectively without ice. So it may mean that if they were to just continue doing this in a circular arena, they would just go round and round. And you might see milling behavior. And that's what you're seeing in termites. So that's a cockroach. And you can see that the antenna is brushing against the wall. And this has been afraid by studying behavior. So we've done experiments like that. That's the base of the antenna. There's a single termite. But we don't seem to see much of this sort of milling behavior in single termites. We seem to operate fairly radically. So we've said maybe this is something that is densely dependent. So that's the experiment here. Bunch of termites moving radically. We add more termites and they start milling. And this behavior is very much densely dependent. So if the density is low, the time for milling is much longer. But if the density is higher, very quickly, they're getting milling. And the speeds of their transport are magic. So the question then was, how are they doing this milling? And so what we did was we tested if this was chemically mediated. So here's a bunch of termites. And this time, we can actually remove the walls. And they disperse. But if you take a set of termites that have already been milling, watch what happens. And we can ask questions like, how long will they continue milling? What is the half-life of this and so on? And this just continues for a long time. And we then thought this must be mediated through chemicals. So here's an experiment that tries to test that idea. So we have a flow that we remove. And we'll see if you then disrupt this chemical trail, what happens? And that disrupts the behavior. So it's very much chemically mediated. In fact, the chemical that one species lays down is sufficient to do for another species. And that's an experiment shown here. So this is one species. We are not to term it as red and many. And then what we do is we take them out, empty the jar, put it back, and then put a termites of another species. There, we can see that the milling's gone. So this is just sort of experiments that are ongoing. There's many different directions we can take. We can go towards theory. We can go towards experiments, chemicals, all sorts of things. But the broad conclusions one can draw from this is that they're using a combination of mechanosensory Maybe the initial onset happens with all the mechanosensors. And then chemicals take over. They lay down these chemicals through these glands in their base of their bodies, external glands. And then they establish a trail which they might follow. It is density-dependent. Reduces time transport with chemical fuels that are not species-specific. And the broader questions that we are asking have to do more with the malfunction, where is the sense located? And these are things that we need to be pursuing in the coming future. How are these mediated? How do termites modulate? Soil moisture. So I just want to end with one thought. This is just kind of slightly philosophical note. This is Socketless. And there's a wonderful story about it. In one of the dialogues where we talked about how a student of Socketless went to the Oracle of Delphi and asked the Oracle of Delphi a very important question. He asked, is Socketless the wisest man on the planet? And the Oracle sensed what the answer should be and said, yeah, this means the wisest man on the planet. So the student goes back to Socketless and says, I have it from the Oracle of Delphi, that you are the wisest man on the planet. And Socketless said, how can this possibly be? I don't know anything. And that's the Socketless paragraph. So Socketless then goes out and in dialogue of the dialogue, it's written in my paper actually, Socketless is a character that's going out looking for people smarter and trying to question them about things that they're supposed to be smarter and then finding out towards half of the dialogue that they know nothing. And then from there, sort of building back an edifice, be it a republic or some idea that he cares about that particular dialogue. But the sort of idea that Socketless kills us, the story kills us, is that wisdom is about not know. Everything that you find out leads to more questions. And that's the most wonderful thing about Socketless is that you don't know to ask a question unless you've made a finding. Then once you've made the finding, then certainly there are 10 questions that didn't exist before. And now you're pursuing all of them. And that's sort of the process in which we've gotten involved in. I should say we're milling in there. I should end with a thanks to these two students. This is Shri Krishna, Burma Raja, Amritanj, both students of physics from a campus not very far from here. They set up for excellence in basic sciences. And a lot of students who helped him out and the Human Frontier Science Program which funded much of this. This is a funding agency that just loves random science like this. So thank you very much. Where do you have put the physics in? Oh, in the water. Oh, in the water? Yeah, so you put dissolved in the water. It's a fluorescence. It's a fluorescein. It's a chemical that you can buy. It's in the water. How long does it live each termite? Each termite. I mean the workers and the soldiers don't live very long. I'm not sure how long, but on the order of months. But the queen can live for decades. And in fact, in Ant, the queens can live for decades. They also build these nets, but they mate on the ones. So here's a question. How can they store that sperm? But yeah, they can do it pretty long. And the mounds can last. And some mounds can last a second and remain there. The elites work mails and females. They take flight, they find each other, they mate. And then each queen and her consort will go and start making a mountain. Some survive, some don't. I mean it's very brutal out there. There's a lot of predation of these. The females, especially the large females, are a rich source of protein. They are eaten by humans as well in the Karnataka case. So they're to be a delicacy, good for fertility. But birds eat it, all sorts of ants eat it. So not all of them will survive. Some of them will eventually make mounds and many others, many, many others, a large fraction of them will just die. Didn't they have any? Yes, or within a mound, as far as we know, are single. But many different mounds, many different mounds. There seems to be a lot of difference when insects, which are in large numbers, engineer the structure of wild animals, which maybe one or two engineer the structure. So I think this mechanism is very different. Oh, very, very different. When a single animal is doing most of the bidding, they have to do many more things. Whereas, when they start numbers, you can have an individual doing the same thing more and more and it's almost like a robot. All it does is lays material, puts material from here and puts it there. It just keeps doing this repetition. When a single, like the potter was that you saw, the potter was had to do many different. It was not as simple as just taking a ball of clay and doing the same thing over and over again. It has to actually sense and respond in many different ways. So I say that single animals bidding things are in some ways much more sophisticated mentally. I shouldn't say that actually there's a problem in my saying this, but even just based on their activity, their activities are a lot more varied than multiple animals. You have individuals that do the same thing over and over again, but different, there's a division of labor. Certain termites will handle a certain kind of bidding and certain others will only do some other things. So you see that problems. What is the implication? What do we get from this planning? Can we operate this process? Well, I mean, it's up to us to figure that out. I mean, what we are doing is just making discoveries and inquire about what's going on out there. If you are somebody who's with an architectural bent, you might look at this and say, oh, how can I engineer something that's say what they call a Popic Death Certificate structure, something that is nice and functional when it's used, but goes back to the ground as soon as you're done with it. Doesn't leave ruins out there. Or you could use this for many others. There are people who are making robots, swarm robots using the kinds of information that they generate. So there's no limit to what you can use this knowledge for. But that's up to you. So your job is to figure out what's going on. Assume that you're experimenting. So when you remove this constraining what are the new preparations or the new results in these new things? I see. That might be for mechanical reasons. Because there's too much drama in it. So whereas if you got a single termite that's moving in a concept that might be some type of a pre-zoor radius a second termite, what's the right density of the numites which is appropriate for most efficient devices? It's possible. That's possible. It might be just encroaching at work. The fact that they're milling constantly and there is a half-life to that chemical that the chemical eventually will go away unless it's constantly reinforced. And maybe in the mechanical structure make sure that they reimpose the chemical. That's what you said. Not always. No, it needs a reason to do that. There's just one more question and come observation. You've got these flutes out there. And if you look at the window, what was shown as movement and that, these flutes wouldn't they impede in the movement of the brain? And additionally, do these flutes have any other purpose? That's what we're trying to find out. They could be like radiators. Need increased surface area to radiate heat. So if it's hotter inside and needs to cool down and just to equilibrate themselves with these, I'm getting there. That's one possible. The other is what you mentioned. Be it stagnation points as the fluid flows over these structures. So that you have a large pressure difference. And that those pressure differences can then cause internal ventilation. Fitting capacity is considered as an innate capacity of the species. If termites and cockroaches, they are quite similar to each other. Is the genome of the two report at a very major level? Because one species can fit this at the other part. Yes, actually, their genomes are different enough in critical ways. So it's not so much the broad difference between the genome. The sequence similarities may be great. But in very critical genes, they are different. And this is true not just for termites. I mean, we might say that they are similar. And that they are cockroaches because they form one plate within the cockroach's growth. But they still have a history of something like the order of tens of millions of years of separation. Or by environmental. Both. But I mean, eventually it's encoded in the genes. So a termite behaves as a social anomaly. Cockroaches don't. There are certain cockroaches that are sort of social but not real. Likewise, in the case of bees and wasps, there are solitary wasps. And there are social. And in some cases, you have these transients where you can turn a solitary wasp into a social wasp. So you see those transition as well. A lot of it is chemically immediate. You can activate certain pheromones that cause the wasps to become social. You can activate this. We don't understand how this works in termites or cockroaches. But it's somewhere there in the genome. And we see a large number of anopter that are social. For instance, ants are social, wasps are social, bees are social. They're all part of the same group. But this is the only example in the group that consists of cockroaches that are social. So it is there somewhere in the genome. It can be activated or not. Maybe it cannot be activated in cockroaches because it lacks in just those crucial genes. We don't quite know. Just two questions. Sir, this is more of a suggestion. Have you tried using swarm robot? It's the robots of the shape of the termites and ingesting them in the molds. And later on, you can receive information how they work and stuff. Not me, but someone called Radhika Nakhpal is doing that. And she's a power. My plate is full with this. So what we will do is inform them about what we find. And they can take that for me. My mind should always milk clockwise. That's an interesting question. Do they always milk clockwise? No, they don't. Sometimes in all the films I showed you, they were milk clockwise. But that's not how they are. Doctor should have taken it. I'm sure there are many more questions. But perhaps I can take some questions.