 ac yn ymddi'r ffordd. Mae'r ffordd yn ymddi'r ffordd. Mae'n ddod yn ymddi'r ffordd yn 1973 yn y Lysian Ffynol, yn Vargeningen. Mae'n ddod yn ymddi'r bantelor, yma'r ysgrifennu, ac yn ymddi'r ffordd yn Vargeningen. Mae'n ddod yn ymddi'r ffordd yn 1991. Mae'n ddod yn ymddi'r ffordd. Mae'n ddod yn rhanounding fel amser, felly i gyd refrain, i'r nadau, yn agosiart yn ymddi'r ffordd. Mae'r ro 엄au i tu wled gan taith o'r syniad sydd Watwr Cymru. Aerololololololololololololoolog Azer mae'r myй viewaidd rentaig, a blaesio面 hele, sy'n busauburnolololol rhannwaethau Fanfodlau Cy corlyniau. Oesol yw'r grwp yma ym 1987 ac yn ymgyrch â'r maen nhw'n gweithio a'r gweithio ar y cyflogau ar y cyflogau a'r cyflogau yw'r ysgol. Mae'r cyflogau ar gyfer sy'n gyflogau a'r cyflogau a'r cyflogau ar gyflogau a'r cyflogau ar gyflogau. Ieithi'r sythyniadau i'n gweithio i gynnyddio unrhyw gweithio a'r ffordd o'r berthynas cymdeithasol ynddo ac oeddwn i'r rydw i'n gwneud â'r cyrgyflwyth arall a'u feithio yw ddiweddol. Ieithio'r llan i'r Costerica 1997 a 1998, ac rwy'n gweithio'r cyllid o'r llan â'r cyllid oherwydd i ffyrdd o'r cyllid, i'r cyllid oherwydd i'r cyllid oherwydd i'r cyllid. A ideas and research programmes eventually out-reach, where we saw technologies such as alternative wetting and drying and aerobic rice being rolled out to many programmes. And today we know that those are recognised as being opportunities not to save water, but also impact on such factors such as greenhouse gas. Felly, a bwydd i'n meddwl am y cyfrinfaith yw'r ysgol yw'r ysgol yn ddifwyl ac yn ddifwyl ar y cyfrinfaith yw'r ysgol, ac mae'n ddifwyl sy'n meddwl am ddifwyl a'n meddwl am y dyfodol yw'r ysgol yn meddwl i'n meddwl am ddifwyl ar y cyfrinfaith yw'r ysgol. yn fanyddio'r ffordd iawn mae'r cyfreithio'n droi, i'r cliriaethau'n meddwl. Mae'r llwyddaeth yn mynd i nhw, yn hollas tynnu'n rhannu rhannu. Mae'r llwyddaeth yn dynchau ay canolion gyda hynny o'r unrhyw yn ymuno yn yr oedd dim. Rydyn ni'n bach gennym, mae'n cyflym yn haen, a bach yn ha이, CDIR research program was the first established as part of the reform process and the whole CG system where there is more emphasis to programmatic payment for and to live in the off-science rather than institutional. We also see it very much as a global partnership that we are here. So much more than a program, a real partnership. Mae'r fforddau i'r rhai o'r fforddau cyfnodd yn Llywodraeth Cymru, a'r Ili Afrika, bod yn Afrika yn Llywodraeth Cymru, a'r Siarod yn Yr Rhysg, yn y Rhysg Ynryd, yn y Rhywodraeth Rhysg. Ac mae'r Llywodraeth Cymru, yn Gwyddon Siarod, yn Yr Rhysg, yn Yr Rhysg, ac mae'r Llywodraeth Cymru yn Llywodraeth Cymru, yn ysgrifennu Llywodraeth Cymru a'r ffordd sydd wedi'u cymaint o'r ffordd y GFSC to ni'n gweithio'r Cysybodaeth Cyngor. Yn ei gwaith, yw'r ffordd, yw'r ffordd, a'r ffordd cyngor. A'r ffordd, yw'r bwysig wedi'u cyfnodd gan y ffordd, yw'r bwysig o'r bwysig, ac roeddwn i'n dda i cael ei ddechrau'r rhai cael ei gwaith. The combined value, more or less it's roughly 100 million dollars, and that's only for a fence that flows through the three CG centres. We haven't really teased out the contributions of Sierra R glyfbiel Gierpas yet. It started in January 2011 and it was approved by the CG system for a period of five years. Ac yna'r ddweud o Cresc. A gweld yma'r ddweud o ddweud ar draws. Efallai tario'n rhai o'r ffrindiau gyda'r ddweud, ac rydyn ni'n wneud o'r ddweud, ac yn ddweud o ddweud o gael brafus. Ddweud o'r ddweud, ydych chi'n ddweud o gael brafus, ac oedodd yn gwneud yma'r ddweud. Mae'n gwybod cyhoedd ydym yn gweithio'r gweithio mewn gwahodd y gwrthwyr cyhoedd, ac yn brosio'r gweithio cyhoedd Cres mewn gwahodd. Yn gyfnod o'r gweithio Cres wedi'u gweithio, mae'n gweithio yw. Felly mae'n gweithio'r gweithio i ddeuddiu'r cyfeithio, i ddeuddiu'r gweithio mewn gwahodd, ond yw'n mynd i'n fanyddio. Y tîm ymwneud yma, Cyd-Ryst i'r ysgrifennu cyntaf, gyda'r Eri, Matthew Morell, mae'r cyfnodd yn ddiddordeb, ymddangos, ymddangos, ymddangos, ymddangos, ymddangos, ac ymddangos Cyd-Ryst i'r cyffredinol, mae'n ddiddordeb yn ysgrifennu. Yn ymddangos, mae'n ddiddordeb yma, ymddangos, ymddangos, ymddangos, ymddangos, I'm both to the development of Christ. When you want to ask a problem by Christ, isn't doing what it wants to do with the Whammy, you really need to dig a bit deeper what actually you mean. What you really want to answer is what are we doing now because of Christ that even as an institutions ..a'r Institute yn ymwneud yn ymwneud. Felly, ydych chi'n ymwneud yn ymwneud? Mae'r main yma yn y paryswyr. Y Prifysgol yn y paryswyr, yn y bwysig, ac yn ymwneud yn y pryd yn ymwneud, yn ymwneud ymwneud, yn ymwneud, yn ymwneud, yn ymwneud, yn ymwneud, ac yn ymwneud yn ymwneud. Mae'r fawr yn ymwneud yn ymwneud. Felly, yr ymwneud yn y pryd, ac mae'r Prifysgol yn ymwneud, yn ymwneud yn y paryswyr, mae'r agenda rhan o'r Ffysigol ers yn ddiddordeb yn ymwneud o datblygu, a'r ddaf yn ddiddorol o'r perifysgol ymwneud, ac yn ymwneud, rhaid i'r hyn fyddi, yr ymwneud, ymydd yma yma, a'r mecanithaeth a'r afric oed i ysgol yw'n gwelirio'r ysgol yn y gylwladau ac yn ymddeithasol, ychydig, yw ysgol, ysgol yw'n gwelirio. A dyne ydych chi'n olygu yma'n gweithio'r ysgol ymlaen y ffordd yma, ychydig i ddweud y ffrifur yn Afriqa. A dyna'n gyfnod yw Ili, Siad, Arlidis, Siad, ym Yrgys, ychydig, ysgol ychydig, But Fford Chryss also German and Belgian universities other institutes in Japan and we all used the Chryss structure and themes its product lines and products to align and bring in these institutes to basically help that job done injadica. So if used specific examples I will start with breeding. Breeding in Africa, by national systems, is not as developed as it is here in Asia. There are only a handful of breeders in the whole continent. There are very poorly developed seed systems, that has much less quality control in the whole breeding pipeline than we are used to here in Asia. So, what Africa Rise and its parks have established is an Africa-wide breeding task force. It's built on a model that Africa Rise had run a few decades ago, that then got abandoned, because mainly budget constraints, but that got re-invigorated. The idea is that, you see here, at the bottom, the Africa Rise breeding task force, that operates them on multi-environment trials, where any partner, whether it's for Africa Rise, can nominate breeding lines, which should have some minimum quality and quantity of accompanying data, and that can then be accepted and entered into these multi-environment testing sets. So, this is a set of sites across Africa, where under controlled conditions these lines are being tested. Then, out of that testing network, if varieties are crossing and doing well, they can receive a combination from the task force that goes by the name Eirica. Now, in itself, this task force or Africa Rise, who leads it, cannot release varieties. But, if it has gone through the system of multi-location testing, if it has been endorsed by the task force, which has managed from all the countries, then it is a seal of quality, some guarantee, that will facilitate adoption and release in different countries. It doesn't mean that this is a mechanism that has to be followed. You see the animals at the site. Of course, if Iri or Siad or any other partners gets good material in its own breeding programme, there's absolutely no reason why that cannot or should not be released by any of the partners in any of the countries. So, it's an added quality control step that this mechanism provides. A good thing is, it's working. Here we see the entries of the different partners, and before the task force was initiated, we see that the bulk of material that was available came from Africa Rise and other partners. But we see already in 2012 that nearly half of the material that then started flowing into this network actually came from Iri. The proportion of material from Siad was very high in 2011. So, we see that, yes, this task force and the umbrella of RISP is harnessing genetic resources from all over the globe to the advantage of Africa. And if we see at the nominations of alicas coming out of this task force mechanism this year, there are two that come from Iri, have a really background. And I think now the teller stands at something like nine of these alica varieties actually have been approved and are scheduled for release in a number of countries of Africa. So, I think a very powerful mechanism that brings together the different breeding entities, not only in Africa, but also outside of Africa, very much part of the Iri spirit. Sticking to breeding, we all know the history of hybrid rice here in Asia and at Iri. And a few years, the new hybrid rice research development consultancy was launched with a real sustainable business model behind it. And Latin America followed suit and developed its own hybrid rice consultancy a couple of years ago. Not exactly the same mechanism, but very much inspired by the Iri model. And then the hybrid rice breeders really connect well. And you'll see when you go, this is myself pointing them in the middle of the picture. We're standing in the middle of Peru at a breeding site managed by Asiena Potriero, which is a private sector breeding entity in the middle of Peru. And here we have material from a fund in Chias hybrid rice consortia being tested there in Peru. So there was lots of material flowing through the hybrid rice consortia, through the connections between the hybrid rice breeders that Chris has facilitated. And not only is the material flowing into Latin America being tested, but he's also promising lines from Seattle to Iri being tested here, and not only at breeding, but also shared with his partners. And I visited a number of sites in Peru, in Colombia and Nicaragua, and all the sites where I visited and saw Iri material being tested and even some of the African material being tested. The phenol typing network, I don't have to say very much about this, because I think that Marco Dingcombe recently gave a seminar presentation on this. But this is a network, very much part of Chris. It is a global network where institutions working on breeding realize that it's the phenol typing capabilities that are opposing a bottleneck to exploit into full advantage the richness of the genomic revolution that we are seeing. And they are bundling their forces and testing material, and seeing material under different conditions, different climatic conditions, and testing material for high yield conditions in certain environments, for stress foam and stresses in other environments, sharing protocols to do that, sharing data coming out of these experiments, and actually sharing ideas on a whole load of novel instrumentation technologies to fast the phenol type. And when you visit the site of Santa Rosa and at Seattle headquarters, you see a lot of investment and thinking on novel instrumentation and fast phenol typing that's also happening here at Erie, and again a lot of cross fertilization, including some of the advanced research institutes on this slide. But it was more than breeding alone, and there is quite often things are happening that have been initiated and are sparked by the collaboration and the crisp, and we don't even know about it. And that is something I will come back later. And this is a slide that I picked up at Seattle two months ago when I visited. Last week here at Erie Tauwli and the Steam gave another training course in the Crop Cross Simulation Model for Horizon 2000. That's a computer model, and if you feel it with information on a variety of characteristics, or weather and salt type, it makes a prediction of the growth in terms of biomass, leaf air index and yield you can expect. And Iwi has been taking the wheel together with Wageningen University already since the mid-1980s in developing these model capabilities for the rise and actually training others and getting a whole community of practice involved. And there were trainees from Seattle and from Uruguay last year, and I think that's actually where the audience who got trained in this model and now started applying it for very specific case studies in Colombia. What we see here, the map of Colombia in the black dots, we see experimental sites where the well-controlled conditions and a number of carefully chosen treatments, the model is being calibrated and will be used to answer a very specific question. It seems that for the last couple of years in Colombia yields and productivity is actually going down. And the colonial government is very concerned about that and wants to know why is it happening at such a large scale. With the model being calibrated for one or two years of data collected in different environments in such a model, you can then actually start disemplaining other climatic factors that are responsible for the decline in yield and productivity. What if you look at future climate scenarios? What if you change certain management characteristics such as sowing date, sea density, or length of the growing season? What would that do to help mitigate or counter the reduction in yield potential? So a direct transfer in this case of a technology developed in one institute to one other, in fact there are more institutes involved in Colombia to answer very specific questions. Another example, again, on modeling and design in Africa. You may know that Erie, through the work of Sergio Savari, especially by Tizia and his wife years ago, led to development of models that were able to predict risks of best outbreaks related to climatic conditions and other models that say, if this is a best pressure, this is the expected or could be anticipated effect or impact on yield, price, best, and API rise. These models are now used at Africa Rides to indeed explore particularly what future climates hold in store in relation to best and disease incidents and their impact on rice yield. I won't go into detail but the different maps are for the Rover Talsonia and in different colours we see with different future climate scenarios what the impact of real wheat diseases would be on rice and the more red it is, the worse off you are and the greener, the better off you are. I don't want to go into detail but again it's an example of transfer of technologies being very successfully adopted by other of the year Christ institutions. Nutrient management and crop management advice, Rowan Woolish and his team started to collaborate with the nutrient and crop management staff of Africa Rides maybe six, seven years ago and we were still talking about nutrient manager using applying principles of site specific nutrient management, collecting the required data under efficacy conditions in different countries, calibrating the model and that collaboration has endured until now and Africa Rides is also in the mode of developing a crop advice system and using cell phone technology to deliver it. In this case because of different conditions in Africa they are developing their own particular software but the whole philosophy and principle came out of that collaboration between early and Africa Rides and the Africa Rides advice prototype that you see here is very similar in look and functionality as the crop manager that earlier is developing. So again I think a very successful example of cost pollination under Chris of the institutes, among the institutes. Again another example, Rides mapping. I think all of you are very aware of the work that Andy Nelson and his team here are doing in different projects most notably the Rides and the Prism project where they are looking at the use of remote sensing specifically radar remote sensing that can look through the clouds and observe what's happening on the surface of the earth. GIS, crop modelling again in this case of Rides of 2000 and expert knowledge and bring that together to create maps where you can actually in real time get a very good idea of the area planted under Rides, the corp stage, the cropping calendar of Rides and even actual yield standing in the field and if you take some weather forecasts into consideration actually make predictions of what yield could be one or two months from now given certain expectations of weather. Again a technology, it's really a cutting edge technology being also now adopted by Africa Rides and there has been a lot of interaction between the GIS that really clicked very well and they are with more modest means still at this stage but using the same technologies with success in Africa. So I can go on and on. There are so many examples that we really came to the conclusion that yes this part of Chris is working very well. Of course we can always do more but we are really inspired by these examples and we really need to trust them out in the years ahead. The second major highlight where we think Chris is successful is also it's in the whole putting the work into the impact thinking and much more on impact pathways, developing theories of change to put our research really into the form development resulting into outcome orientation and it's maybe not that new for early and those of you who have been here as long as David Johnson and myself who remember Debbie Templeton who was here from ACR and helped us in getting our mindsets on impact pathways and that was already probably some eight or nine years ago. But within Chris we are taking that further and giving it a much more structural approach. So when we look at Chris when it was designed five years ago it had this mission which is very nice of both very much the CTIR mission to reduce poverty and hunger improve health and nutrition and make sure that we don't spoil the environment while we do that. To be a little bit more specific it had objectives in it. We want to increase price of productivity and it says how we are going to do that with reading and technology development. We want the systems to be more sustainable and more resource efficient and then they will be quite new at the time looking at the rise sector as a whole. So when we started much more looking at the type of work that some hunters were providing and analyzing the whole rise sector and rising trade, supply, demand and looking at how we can support the rise sector as a whole. We took that further and this was also a process driven by the CTIR as a whole and underneath that this is an outcome that was produced last year with all the theme leaders involved. We are even more specific and these are called development outcomes and CTIR speak even IDOs intermediate development outcomes. But you see we again try to be more specific and increase production and there is a local and global aspect here. We look at profitability of ice cream users that we want to get up to lift them out of poverty but we are also specific that we also address the poor of net price consumers so we need to increase affordability to them. So we have a whole list of seven of them you see at the bottom that we really start taking gender fairly seriously and it's one of the seven outcomes that we all need to work towards in the work that we're doing. Even more important we started to really explicitly develop impact pathways with supporting theories of change and here is just a generic one this came out of a series of workshops that we had last year here at Erie at Africa Rise then combined with all the theme leaders with professional facilitators and we really looked at suppose that out of the research at the bottom we develop a new variety and we think it's a good variety it has tolerance against or for or off