 Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies engineering, physics, engineering mathematics, and material science principles to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines. The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core arias including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, material science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer aided design CAD computer aided manufacturing CAM and product life cycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery. Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century. However, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements. Today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to carrying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biometanics, transport phenomena, biomitch electronics, VO nanotechnology, and modeling of biological systems.