 Hello all, in this video we are going to discuss about 50 must-know questionnaires that medical researchers should be aware of. That is we are going to discuss about questionnaires and its purpose, their scoring system, grading and interpretation of the common questionnaires which are used in healthcare research. First on the list is SF-36 Health Survey. This is used for assessing the health related quality of life and it is a self-reported questionnaire. It measures individuals general health and well-being across eight health domains which is broadly divided into into two that is physical and mental health score and then under physical we have physical functioning, role of physical functioning, bodily pain, general health. Under mental health we have vitality, social functioning, role emotional, then mental health. So under which we have separate heads. This SF-36 consists of eight scaled scores which are weighted sums of questionnaires in their sections and each scale is directly transformed into 0 to 100 scale based on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. The lower the score, more the disability, the higher the score, lesser the disability and the score of 0 is equal to maximum disability and the score of 100 is equivalent to no disability. Next on the list is WHO QOL brief for measuring the quality of life. It includes 26 items. Each items have a 5 point like a scale response and the respondents rate their level of agreement or satisfaction with each of this item in brief questionnaire. The scores are transformed into scales which ranges between 0 to 100 and higher score indicates higher perceived quality of life. Next, we move on to the wealth index. Wealth index is a composite measure used to assess the socioeconomic status of the individuals based on their ownership of specific assets, their access to services and their housing characteristics. It is commonly employed in social and healthcare researches particularly in low and middle income countries. It is used to understand the disparities in the economic well-being among the different population groups. It has the asset ownership which has certain assets listed are television, radio, refrigerator, car, bicycle or land and housing characteristics based on the type of flooring, roofing, access to the utilities and access to the service. Main focus on healthcare and education. The advantages of this wealth index is there is no monetary data required. It has a good applicability in resource limited settings and we can use it for population level analysis. The wealth index does not relay on the collection on the monetary income data which is usually sensitive and challenging to obtain. So, it handles only assets and hence we don't need any monetary data for calculation of wealth index. And second is the applicability of the resource limited settings. The traditional methods of socioeconomic status classifications may be less feasible in resource limited settings where we can apply this wealth index. We can use it for population level analysis and identification of disparities in economic well-being across different segments of the population. And the limitations of this wealth index is the subjectivity in scoring that is the scoring of assets and their components can be subjective. There may be cultural variations which may influence perceived economic value of certain items and the dynamic nature of the questionnaire. The wealth index may not capture changes in the economic status over time as it is based on the snapshot of assets and characteristics at a specific point of time and the last limitation is the generalization. The wealth index may not accurately capture individual or household wealth in all contexts and finding should be interpreted cautiously. The next on the list is patient health questionnaire. This is intended to assess the level of depression. So, it asks about the frequency of specific depressive symptoms over the past two weeks and the responses will be between 0 to 3 indicating the presence of the symptoms with 0 being not at all, 1 being several days in the last two weeks and 2 being more than half the days in the last two weeks and 3 being nearly every day in the last two weeks. So, the scores will be summed to obtain a total score and higher the scores indicate the higher severity of depressive symptoms. The PHQ 9 which is used for depression can be categorized into the following with minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression based on the scores and 0 to 27 will be the range of scores possible for PHQ 9 which is used for measuring the severity of depression. The next on the list is GAD or Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 questionnaire. Again, again similar to the patient health questionnaire used for depression, here the scoring remains the same that is 0 to 3 with not at all several days more than half the days nearly every day in the past two weeks this is similar but the number of items there it was 9, here it is only 7. So, the maximum score will be 21, the minimum score will be 0. So, higher the score is the higher the level of anxiety. So, 0 to 4 minimal anxiety, mild anxiety, moderate anxiety and severe anxiety are the categories out of this GAD or Generalized Anxiety Disorder used for assessing the level of or severity of anxiety. The next on the list is the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. It consists of 10 statements 5 of which are positively worded and 5 are negatively worded and respondents may have an like earth scale agreement based on the strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. So, we have negative and positive responses. So, based on that we score this Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and reverse coding is applied to negative worded items scores obtained will be between 0 to 30. So, 30 indicates higher Self-Esteem. The next on the list is Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. This questionnaire measures the quality of sleep based on the seven key domains that is the subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication and daytime dysfunction scored for the past one week and hence based on the frequencies we have scores between 0 to 3 and we have seven questions in that. So, the scores will be ranging between 0 to 21, 21 being the poor sleep quality and 0 being the best sleep quality. So, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale has seven important questions on sleep quality. Next, we move on to the F-worth Sleepiness Scale. This scale consists of eight different situations for which each situation the individual is asked to rate their likelihood of dosing off on a scale of 0 to 3. So, this measures the daytime sleepiness with 0 indicating no chance of dosing and 3 indicates high chance of dosing. So, the individual scores of each situation are then summed up to obtain total F-worth sleepiness score which ranges between 0 to 24 as it has eight different situations into maximum of 3 score which will yield 24. 24 means higher level of daytime sleepiness. Next on the list is Minimental State Examination which is used for measuring the cognitive function. It has a maximum score of 30 out of which orientation has 10 points, registration has three points, attention and calculation has five points, recall has three points, language has eight points, visual spatial skills have one point. Based on that we score the individuals and higher the score the cognitive function is very good and the lower the score the cognitive function using this Minimental State Examination is low. So, how to categorize this MMSC for cognition is if the scores are between 0 to 9 that is very low it indicates severe cognitive impairment and 10 to 23 moderate cognitive impairment, 24 to 26 mild cognitive impairment and 27 to 30 it is called as normal cognitive function according to Minimental State Examination. Next on the list is Timed Up and Go Test. For this you need to prepare certain aspects that is you need to use a standard chair with seat height of approximately 17 inches, place a mark on the floor three meters away from the chair, make sure that the person is wearing their regular footwear and is using any assistive device they typically use. You need to give these following instructions that is the person should sit back in the chair and on the command of go to stand up walk at the comfortable and safe space to the mark on the floor turn around and return to the chair and sit down and you should measure the timing use a stopwatch to measure the time taken from the moment the person starts to rise from the chair until they are seated again the scoring is as follows a shorter time indicates better mobility and functional ability generally a time of 10 seconds or less is considered normal 11 to 20 seconds may suggest a mild impairment and over 20 seconds indicate moderate to severe impairment this is timed up and go test. Next we move on to the Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale or K10 scale it is widely used self-reported questionnaire designed to measure psychological distress in individuals. Here we have 10 questions with the frequency of the events getting scored so lowest being one and highest being five so hence the lowest score possible will be 10 and the highest score possible will be 50 so the lowest score indicates low psychological distress and the moderate scores that is between 20 to 24 suggest a moderate level of psychological distress and the high level of psychological distress is scored between 25 to 29 above 30 up to 50 suggest a very high level of psychological distress so this Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale K10 is used for measuring psychological distress next we move on to the big big five personality inventory questionnaire it involves a series of questions for each of the five personality traits each question is designed to assess an individual's level of specific trait openness conscientiousness extra version agreeableness neuroticism also known as emotional instability so the big five personality inventory questionnaire has 10 questions and based on that the personality will be classified next we move on to the resilience scale developed by Bagnild and Young so it consists of 25 items of questionnaire for measuring the resilience it typically consists of statements that individuals rate based on their agreement or disagreement the items cover various aspects of resilience including personal competence acceptance of self and life and the ability to adapt to change and grow from experiences participants typically rate their agreement with each on the like cut scale examples strongly agree agree neutral disagree and strongly disagree the scores are then summoned to provide an overall measure of resilience and this resilience case was developed by Bagnild and Young brief cope that is coping orientation to problems experienced this is used to assess the coping of mechanism for the stress and challenging situations brief cope is widely used self-reported questionnaire which was developed by charles s et al it is derived from the original cope inventory and it is shorter version that focuses on 14 different coping strategies which is mentioned here so we have problem-phase to coping emotion focus to coping and avoidant coping next on the list is emotional intelligence scale proposed by schkat et al it is a self-reported questionnaire designed to measure the emotional intelligence the scale assesses an individual's ability to recognize understand and regulate their own emotions as well as the ability to perceive and respond to the emotions of others so we have 27 items with one to five scale like a questionnaire this 27 questions can be grouped under grouped under five domains such as perception of emotion in self perception of emotion in others managing own emotions managing others emotion utilization of emotion so all contributes to the emotional intelligence scale by schkat et al next we move on to perceived stress scale or pss which typically consists of 10 items that assess the degree to which the situations in one's life are oppressed as stressful so the respondents are asked to rate how often they have felt a certain way during the past month on a like a scale ranging between 0 to 4 that is never too very often the items are designed to capture aspects of unpredictability lack of control and perceived overload so the scores derived after the summing the responses with high total scores indicate high perceived stress 0 to 13 indicate low stress 14 to 26 indicates moderate stress 27 to 40 indicates high perceived stress next on the list is parenting stales and dimensions questionnaire psdq this questionnaire typically consists of two parts one for the mothers and one for the fathers respondents rate how characteristic each of the 30 items is of their own parenting stale the psdq includes three primary parenting stales based on bomb rinse framework that is authoritarian stale authoritative stale and permissive stale in authoritarian stale we have high demands and low responsiveness the parents tend to be strict enforce rules with little room for negotiation and may not be very emotionally responsive authoritative stale where high demands and high responsiveness will be there authoritative parents set clear expectations but also provide warm support and open communication and hence they are responsive to their children's need and encourage independence the third and last stale is the permissive stale which is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness permissive parents are lenient have few rules and maybe intelligent are over responsive to their children's desires next on the list is emotional cohesion by cohen emotional cohesion questionnaire consists of 60 items the respondents rate their level of agreement on a like-minded scale it covers cognitive empathy that is the ability to understand others emotions and effective empathy that is the ability to share and respond to others emotions the responses are then scored to generate an overall empathy quotient higher scores of ecu suggests higher levels of empathy while lowest scores may indicate challenges or differences in empathic abilities so this is the like-minded scale and these are the different conditions of emotions categorized into cognitive and affective empathy next on the list is dss depression anxiety and stress scale 21 is a self-reported questionnaire designed to measure the severity of depression anxiety and stress it consists of three subscales corresponding to one of the psychological constructs depression anxiety and stress there are seven items in each subscale which makes the overall questions into 21 the respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they have experienced a certain symptoms over the past week on a like-minded scale zero means did not apply to me three means apply to me very much are most of the times to obtain an overall assessment of psychological distress the scores from each subscale must be summed and higher the scores indicates higher level of depression anxiety and stress next we move on to the smartphone addiction scale by kwan kim cho and yang this smartphone addiction scale or sas scale is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess the level of smartphone addiction or problematic smartphone usage and the domains in this questionnaire are daily life disturbances positive anticipation withdrawal cyber relational comfort overuse virtual reality respondents typically rate the extent based on the like-minded scale with the responses ranging between strongly disagree to strongly agree the scores are then aggregated to provide an overall measure of smartphone addiction next on the list is moriski's medication adherence scale mmas it is otherwise called as mmas eight adherence questions we have eight questions for this whereas the first seven questions assesses the specific aspects of medication adherence forgetfulness carelessness stopping medication with the like-minded scale yes or no or never seldom or often the item eight assesses the degree of difficulty patients experiencing in taking their medication so the mmas is called based on the patient's response to the items each item is assigned a score and the total score provided and overall measurement of medication adherence so the scores range between 0 to 8 because it is s or no with the higher scores indicating better adherence and the lower score indicating overall adherence next on the list is medication adherence rating scale or mars scale it consists of 10 item questionnaire with the higher score indicating better adherence with s no responses the strengths of this questionnaire is a self-reported measure it evaluates both attitudes about the medication and the actual medication taking behavior the weakness of this scale is it requires some interpretation s response does not necessarily indicate the positive attitude or behavior the second weakness is that the the total score is weakly correlated with the adherence next on the list is brief medication questionnaire bmq this is used to assess the patient's adherence to medication regimens and explore their beliefs and attitudes towards medication it consists of two parts that is the adherence section and the second one believes about the medicines the adherence section assesses the aspects such as misty doses frequency of misty doses intentional non-ordurance that is it assesses the medication taking behavior with the responses being s or no or like it scale on the other hand this believes about medicine section consists of two subscales that is necessity concerns differential and general overuse based on that the adherence scores are graded with this brief medication questionnaire then next on the list is eq 5d or euro qol 5 dimension it is used to measure the health state profile of the population or individual it consists of five important domains that is mobility self-care unusual activities pain and discomfort anxiety and depression so the respondents response will be based on a three-level like it scale with no problems some problems and extreme problems the combination of responses across the five dimensions create the unique health profile so based on this they have this eq 5d instrument for assessing the health state of the individuals next we move on to the international physical activity questionnaire ipaq short form ipaq short form is a self-administered questionnaire that he has information about individuals physical activity in the last seven days it includes three specific types of activity that is physical activity at work physical activity in transport and recreational physical activity work includes the activities related to job such as walking and standing during transport such as walking or cycling during recreational physical activity sports fitness recreational activities can be considered so the responses help categorize individuals into different levels of physical activity such as low moderate and high based on this ipaq short the ipaq long is a 27 item self-reported measure of physical activity used for individuals between 15 to 69 years old as compared to three domains in ipaq short ipaq long has five domains that is job related transportation housework house maintenance and caring for family recreation sports and leisure time time spent sitting so house activity and time spent on sitting as new domains into this long form so based on this physical activity will be assessed next on the list is phagostom test for nicotine dependence it is used to assess the nicotine dependence or addiction of individuals for smoking each response is assigned a score the total score is calculated by adding up the individual items thus total score can range from 0 to 10 with higher score indicate higher level of nicotine dependence and lower score that is 0 to 2 indicates lower dependence and this categorization is as low moderate high and very high dependence next on the list is audit or alcohol use disorder identification test it is a screening tool for alcohol use disorders with three domains designed to identify individuals with harmful or hazardous pattern of usage of alcohol it is developed by WHO that three domains are alcohol consumption alcohol dependence hazardous alcohol use or harmful alcohol use each question is scored on a scale between 0 to 4 with total score ranges between 0 to 40 this is a 10 item questionnaire so the higher the score more likely that individual has an alcohol use disorder so these are the 10 questions with the lowest score being 0 and the highest score being 40 0 to 7 indicates low risk of alcohol use 8 to 15 indicates moderate risk alcohol use indicating hazardous or harmful use 16 to 19 high risk 20 and above likely alcohol dependence that is the interpretation of this audit next we move on to that dermatology life quality of index d l q i it is used to measure the impact of skin diseases and conditions on person's quality of life it consists of 10 questions covering different domains of life each question is scored between 0 to 3 likad score higher score indicates greater impact on patient's quality total possible scores will be 0 to 30 and these are all the questions and this is the likad score possible and this will yield the maximum score of 30 and the minimum score of 0 next on the list is cats ideal or activities of daily living questionnaire it is used to assess the individual's ability to perform basic activities necessary for independent living and the activities considered in this questionnaire are bathing dressing toileting transferring continents feeding so based on that we have one point for independence and zero point for dependence and the six point indicates the client is highly independent and zero point indicates the client is very dependent which requires assistance and for independent can perform the activity without any assistance next on the list is oral health impact profile 14 OHIP 14 consists of 14 items representing domains of oral health related quality of life with likad scale responses from never to very often the questionnaire covers various aspects of oral health impact functioning limitations physical pain psychological discomfort physical disability psychological disability social disability and handicap so higher the scores indicate greater negative impact on the well-being so that is oral health impact profile 14 next on the list is stop bang questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome the stop bang questionnaire consists of snoring tiredness O stands for observed pressure B stands for BMI A stands for age N stands for next circumference G stands for gender so stop is here bang is here so BMI more than 35 age older than 50 next size which is measured around the Adam's apple 17 inch or more in case of male 16 inch or more in case of female and gender being male all can give you a score for this eight questions the scores will be ranging between zero to eight zero to two indicates low risk for obstructive sleep apnea and three to four intermediate risk five to eight high risk next we move on to the modified medical research council disneya scale or mmrc disneya scale this is simple and widely used tool to assess the impact of disneya on a person's daily life it is commonly employed in individuals with respiratory conditions such as EOPD and other lung disorders it most accurately reflects the current level of disneya the higher the grade more significant the impact of disneya on daily activities so we have five grades grade zero one two three four next on the list is COPD assessment tests or CAT the CAT questionnaire consists of this eight items that covers COPD related health status which includes symptoms and its impact on daily life each of the item can give a maximum like a score of five and a minimum like a scale of zero so the score ranges between zero to 40 higher the score indicates higher impact of COPD on individual's health so the eight questions focuses on cough, phlegm, chest tightness, breathlessness, activity limitation at home, confidence leaving home, sleep, energy so the total score will be there so that is the CAT or COPD assessment test for the COPD related symptoms and its impact on daily life then next on the list is asthma related quality of life questionnaire it is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the impact of asthma on individuals quality of life this is a 42 item questionnaire under these four domains that is symptoms activity limitation emotional function environmental stimuli so each item is scored on a seven point scale with higher scores indicating better quality of life the scores from all items in each domain are averaged to calculate the domain scores and overall score is obtained by averaging the scores across all domains next on the list is National IE Institute visual functioning questionnaire or NEI VFQ questionnaire it is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess the impact of vision problems on an individual's overall visual functioning and quality of life for each domain the respondents answers a series of questions related to experiences and difficulties the responses are scored to generate domain scores and an overall composite can be calculated to provide measures of an individual's visual functioning and quality this is a 25 item visual functions questionnaire so the sub-scale is based on these parameters next on the list is polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire this is the questionnaire it is a self-reported questionnaire for the assessment of health related quality of life in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome it focuses on the following domains such as emotional function body hair weight infertility concerns and menstrual problems the patients will be giving response on a light cut scale and the impact of PCOS and quality of life will be measured so higher scores may indicate greater negative impact next on the list is the dream that is Dundee ready education environment measure it assesses the educational environment in health professions education particularly in medical and dental schools it assesses five domains that is students perception on learning student perception of teachers students academic self-perception students perception of atmosphere students social self-perception so this is a 50 item questionnaire and the domains will be mixed with the minimum score being zero and the maximum score being 200 on the light cut scale course it will yield very poor to excellent learning environment that is dream or Dundee ready education environment measure next on the list is so far are social and occupational functioning assessment scale it is a numerical scale used by mental health professionals to rate an individual's social and occupational functioning so first provide a global assessment of how well an individual is functioning in various areas of life including social relationships and occupational or school performance the scale is continuum ranging between one to hundred with highest course indicating better function the specific criteria for scoring on so far include individual's ability to engage in activities such as works relationships self-care and leisure next on the list is osstry disability index it is used to assess the level of disability and functional impairment among individuals with low back pain consists of 10 sections addressing different aspects of daily living with each section individuals are asked to choose a statement that best describes their level of disability so the responses will be graded between zero to five so the 10 questions can yield minimum of zero or and maximum of 50 score the interpretation of the questionnaire will be with no mild moderate severe and complete disability that is ODA for assessment of disability and functional impairment of individuals with low back pain the next disability index it is used as a self-reporting questionnaire to assess the impact of neck pain on the person's daily living and quality of life it assesses the various domains such as pain intensity personal care lifting reading headaches concentration work driving sleeping recreation it is similar to the osstry disability index for low back pain the responses will be graded like this and the points interpretation will be no mild moderate severe and complete disability next on the list is schools are knee injury and osteoarthritis outcomes score it is a self-administered questionnaire used to assess the impact of knee injury and knee osteoarthritis on a patient's health related quality of life it has the following domains such as pain symptoms functions in daily living functions in sports and recreation knee related quality of life again it has like a scale with none mild moderate severe and extreme so based on that the overall sports will be obtained next on the list is foot and ankle outcome score that is fa os it is again a self-administered question used to assess the patient's outcomes on the foot and ankle health similar to the goose that is knee outcome and osteoarthritis score fa os also has pain symptoms activities of daily living sports and recreation quality of life as its domain it also has the like it score and based on the like it score on this question's force will be obtained next on the list is hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome that is hos this self-administered for patient reported outcomes on hip health similar to the previous outcomes scores it also has a like it scale ranging between 0 to 4 higher the scores indicates worse outcomes and again the questions are grouped under the following domains such as pain symptoms activities of daily life sports and recreation quality of life next on the list is the numerical rating scale or nrs it is also a self-reported measure to rate the pain intensity on a numerical scale between 0 to 10 where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst pain imaginable the advantages of this numerical scale is it is numeric self-reported it measures the pain quantitatively it is very quick and simple to administer so this is the pain scale for ranging between 0 to 10 numerical scale where 0 being no pain and 10 being worst possible pain a modified version of this is the visual analogue scale which has the facial expressions of pain next on the list is faces pain scale there will be set of faces descriptors will be below patient instruction will be there pouring and interpretation will be there and adaptations for different ages are also possible so this is the faces pain rating scale how the face appears based on that we can score and it ranges between 0 to 5 we also have brief pain inventory or bpi which assesses the impact of pain on various aspects of daily life it assesses the general activity mood walking ability normal walk relations with others sleep enjoyment of life overall quality of life so each item is scored from 0 to 10 with higher scores indicates greater interference of pain into the daily aspects of life this bpa includes two main components that is pain severity scale and pain interference scale pain severity scale we will measure the pain based on the patient's intensity of their pain over the past 24 hours as worst least an average pain and pain right now each item is scored 0 to 10 next on the list is nasal obstruction symptom evaluation or nose scale designed to assess the severity of nasal obstruction symptoms and its impact on persons daily life the nose scale consists of five questions on different aspects of nasal obstruction each question is scored between 0 to 4 with 0 indicating no problem and 4 indicating severe problem next on the list is Sino nasal outcome s not 22 this has 22 item questions grouped under rhinological symptoms error bar facial symptoms sleep quality cognitive symptoms psychological dysfunction social dysfunction all are categorized based on like cut scale from 0 to 5 with 0 indicating no problem and 5 indicating most severe problem the scores from each item are summed up into total score higher score indicates more severe symptoms and greater impact on the quality of life next on the list is the mini nutritional assessment or mna it is used to assess the nutritional status of older adults for this we have four domains that is anthropometric measurements bmi and middome circumference are used for this as a objective indicators of body composition and muscle mass the next domain is the global assessment that is the individual's lifestyle medication and mobility and some aspects on independence cognitive function and overall well-being will be assessed then the next domain is the dietary assessment where the number of meals consumed food and fluid intake and changes in dietary habits both objective and self-reported are collected then the last domain here is self-perceived health and nutrition where the subjective parameters are assessed so these are all the four domains of mna are mini nutritional assessment so the scores will be categorized as less than 17 indicates malnourished and 17 to 23.5 indicates moderate risk of malnutrition and 24 to 30 indicates no evidence of malnutrition so that is mini nutritional assessment so these are the some of the common scales which I have collected for this presentation and most of these questionnaires are freely available in website for download you can apply the same questionnaires in your own research all the best for your research I might have missed some other most important are commonly used questionnaires in the healthcare research if you feel any other questionnaire is missed out which is most favorite of yours you can mention the questionnaire in the comment section and if you like this video please click on the like button and share it to your friends thanks for watching this video