 So, first I have to say I agree with whomever said that the term personalized learning doesn't really make sense because really all learning is personalized. So I tend not to use the term personalized learning. I tend to use the term personalized instruction. So I think a personalized instruction is trying to imagine the greatest amount of ways that you can customize a curriculum to the abilities and the interests of an individual student. The dream is that technology can personalize learning for masses of people, but I don't believe that that is the case. I think that technology can offer us tools that in thoughtful, well-designed environments in the hands of capable teachers, we can do more to help students have a more customized pathway through the curriculum. I would define personalized learning as learning that excites the student and puts the student first. It's not just all about reading the text and listening to the lecture. It's not enough to do that. You want the student to reach for more. You want to excite him or her to go home and go on the internet and search for more information about X, Y, and Z. That to me is personalized learning. Personalized learning as learning that promotes or encourages both students and faculty to really own and express their agency, to have more control and be more engaged in the decision-making processes. The early part of the 20th century was based on industrial scaling of learning. We grew the number of people in K-12 and then we grew the number of people in higher education a great amount. We did this in industrial tools. We have mass production of curriculum, mass production of textbooks, mass production of teachers and the pedagogy. In so many ways now we're thinking, we're in a post-industrial economy. We have to think about how we can actually fine-tune our production, if you will. One of the ways is actually paying attention to individual learners, to their knowledge, to their abilities, to their course through life. That's what personalized learning is, really focusing on the entire enterprise of education on the individual differences between individual learners. It can happen on the academic affairs side as well as the student affairs side, but it's really first identifying what the student needs. It could be academically, it could be in support services, and then being able to provide those kind of key interventions or outreach to that student. We learn differently. We think differently. We have different types of intelligence, analytical intelligence, emotional intelligence, tactile intelligence, spatial intelligence. Verbal intelligence, the list goes on. Once you understand that, the notion of robotically placing everyone through a narrow bottle neck of learning, you must learn this. Yeah, there are certain things you've got to know, but how you learn them needs to be personalized and individualized around the way that you learn. Now, in certain subjects we found through adaptive learning platforms that we can change math outcomes, physics outcomes, chemistry outcomes, economics outcomes, and so we have become very, very focused now on trying to create as many opportunities for the individualization of learning as possible. What it means to me is really finding a way to take higher education and really tailor it to the learner. For a very long time, higher education has been something that, for the masses, it's a situation where we have a particular learning experience, but we have to have it for everyone, a large classroom, and so you give the same lecture to everybody. Personalized learning means that we can really tailor that learning experience to each individual learner. That's pretty exciting.