 So, let's go to the beach and talk about waves. Waves are critical for forming beaches, it's the breaking of the waves and the transport of the sand or gravel back and forth on beaches that creates those environments. So the interaction of the waves with the beach depends on the flow of water in the waves and how that interacts with the sediment down below. So the motion in a wave is a circular motion of water in this direction and the waves are created by wind blowing and pulling the top of the water here and creating that cycle. So it pushes the water here and the surface of the water is low and the backside it pulls the water up. So that cyclical motion is propagated downward in the water but that current, that flow gets smaller and smaller down. And when it's in the open ocean, the waves die out before they interact with the ocean floor, the bottom. However, as the waves approach the shoreline, they start interacting with it. And there's this level here that we call wave base which is the depth at which normal waves for a particular shoreline start interacting with the sediment at the bottom. Now, in the open ocean the water goes up and down and back and forth but when it starts interacting with the sediment surface the water can't go up and down so it just goes back and forth. So you end up with motion back and forth along the zone here and that creates a sedimentary structure called wave ripples. So the way the water is going back and forth so the wave ripples often show transport in two directions. Eventually the waves start interacting with the surface of the sediment so much that they start growing taller and the friction on the bottom starts making this front part of the wave that's approaching the shoreline steeper and steeper. And eventually that becomes so steep that the waves break. So there's a zone in here where you end up with the breakers and that really comes from the friction with the surface at the bottom here. Now when the waves are breaking there's a lot of force on the bottom here and there's a very large amount of turbulence. So this zone here is full of erosion surfaces and tends to have very coarse sediment. So how coarse grained it is depends on the size of the waves and the sediment supply but for example gravel would be really common here. And then when the waves break they swash up on the beach and you have flow, I'll draw the turbulence here, you have flow going back and forth but that flow is very very thin and so there's no height in the flow for it to actually develop ripples. So almost always what you see in the zone here are planar laminations that dip towards the ocean. And though each one of these laminas reflecting the geometry of the beach surface. So as the beach surface shifts back and forth and changes geometry you end up with truncations in this lamina. But overall you have planar lamina dipping towards ocean. And again often with lots of truncations. So one of the things that happens is that the size of the wave changes with time. For example there's storms or the time of year depending on how windy it is. And so the number of where the depth where you get the wave ripples varies, where you get the breaker zone varies in the planar lamina. Also the tides go up and down and those shift those facies back and forth as well. Now usually on a beach there's what we call a berm which is a high point right here and that's where either at high tides or storms it's usually the maximum distance that the waves reach up. But sometimes the waves will reach up and over the berm and deposit on the backside. So this would be at a particular high tide where there's large waves for example during the storm. So on the backside of the berm here you often have planar layers that dip in the other direction. Finally there's almost always wind at the beach that then part creates the waves and you get windblown sand creating sand dunes on the backside. So these are aeolian dunes and so these will have a large-scale cross stratification and little wind ripples as well. So and you also have wind ripples. And usually these are composed of the finer sand which is easier for the wind to transport. So the general facies we often see associated with the beach include the shallowest windblown ripples, a zone with planar lamination that represents the swash zone and the berm and a little bit of overwash there. The course's grain part of the beach is at the breaker zone where the waves are breaking and you have a very high turbulence. And then as you go offshore you move into areas with wave ripples and then as you go further offshore it's only usually planar lamination from sediment falling out of suspension and often storm deposits. Thanks for watching.