 Astroglia are neural cells that contribute to the pathophysiology of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders through complex changes in their structure, molecular expression, and function, which can be either beneficial or detrimental to disorder outcome. Astroglial pathophysiology includes reactive astrogliosis, astroglial atrophy with loss of function, astroglial degeneration, and death, and astrocytopathies characterized by aberrant forms that drive disease. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astroglial pathophysiology can lead to new therapeutic strategies for various CNS diseases and disorders. This article was authored by Alexei Vokratzky, Arthur Butt, Bauman Lee, and others.