 The whole red concept was first mooted in 2005 in the COP11 in Montreal, focused mostly on the issues of direct deforestation. The second D relating to degradation was added later on for the COP negotiations and then we moved into the world of red plus and red double plus and I'll just quickly outline these latter two in particular. Red plus is the idea of including much more wider co-benefits and red double plus includes land conversion of a much wider spectrum. But crucially red, REDD and REDD plus are essentially dependent on the definition of forests and this is something we can go into I'm sure later this week and I think Ian mentioned this very articulately yesterday but REDD double plus which ICRAF and other organisations are working on are ultimately looking at issues of land conversion which do not depend on the definition of forests but for us, related to great apes, we're primarily focused on red plus. So in terms of opportunities for red in Africa essentially red plus seeks to reverse the drivers of forest conversion by rewards the same concepts of payments for environmental services and these rewards can accrue at the national, subnational community or individual level. In terms of high forest and carbon sequestration there's over 600 million hectares of forest available in the Congo Basin which are subject to potential deforestation and degradation this represents 16% of the world's total and thus Congo Basin harbours an enormous block of forest second only to the Amazon Basin and hence the CBD described potential for red plus and biodiversity synergies as immense. So red plus is a new hope for conservation C4 has done an enormous amount of work and perhaps has put rather too much emphasis on red as a potential for forest conservation but there is strong evidence to suggest that red plus could provide a significant net benefit for conservation but as long as the mechanisms of red are able to compete with the drivers of deforestation and this is fundamentally key. So in theory the co-benefits of red plus so we've referred to them as co-benefits which includes linkages between poverty alleviation an issue we're particularly concerned about in this meeting biodiversity conservation and especially improved forest governance and I'll touch on this a little bit later on but the efficiency of red cross is ultimately going to be defined by the details of the design at both the global level but implementation at the national and project scales so what are the scope for red plus to contribute to great ape conservation so there's strong evidence to suggest that higher biodiversity forest sequester the most carbon Simon Lewis's work in Central Africa to which many of us at C4 contributed has found that old growth forests in Africa are able to sequester much more carbon than we actually thought and these forest systems generate revenues and alternative land uses if they are essentially the economic incentives are competitive and as such red projects could be located in particularly in biodiversity rich areas where keystone species such as great apes occur and just to emphasise this both the UN red programme and the last December's joint declaration on the intent of red in the Congo Basin highlight great apes on their cover so I don't think there's any coincidence there that there are strong linkages between great ape conservation and red plus but ultimately the design of red plus has to be embedded in the past and this is a very nice editorial in the Guardian from 2009 and they highlight that red could provide enormous opportunities for forest conservation but as long as we learn from past mistakes and experiences and particularly looking at payments for environmental services as a concept has been extremely well promoted particularly in Latin America and Southeast Asia but many of the schemes remain somewhat incipient because of the design aspects and of course integrated conservation development projects which often focus on great ape conservation have a long and checkered history which also inform potential red plus design obviously red plus will require collaboration between multiple government agencies and this is often not an easy thing to do as we all know but also meaningful stakeholder participation and engagement at all levels from the regional to the national to the local to the community is absolutely critical and understanding the trade-offs and benefits I mean who's going to benefit and who ultimately negotiates for trade-offs within particular landscapes where great apes occur and one of the things that has come up recently is particularly in Africa is the lack of capacity, the lack of understanding in how to implement pilot red projects and what do we do about that so we've done a fairly extensive review of looking at integrated conservation development projects and how red can be influenced by best practice and lessons learned from such practice and I can circulate this paper if anybody is particularly interested the key actors for red plus in Africa are the usual folks UN red, the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership, CBFP and I've got them in there twice the African Forest Forum, Comifat, Commessa and Carpe and in fact the declaration on red plus and conservation that was signed last year was driven by Comifat but the potential risks and challenges for red plus focusing on carbon alone can be problematic in terms of potential leakage as we all know if you focus on one area that's going to be conserved another area ultimately could suffer through conversion and we've seen some interesting examples of international leakage the moratorium in Indonesia which is prohibiting further expansion of oil palm has led to Malaysian and Indonesian companies looking at alternative sources of land for oil palm cultivation and we've seen large concessions been established in Liberia in particular and more recently Cameroon a disputed risk, I would say it's disputed it's dependent on the definition of forest employed and this has been a whole subject of debate within FAO, aircraft and other colleagues and Ian mentioned yesterday that the situation in Malaysia that the plantations themselves can be classified as forests but here in Indonesia there's been recent gestational change which indicate that oil palm could also be classified as forests so there's a rather problematic situation and another major problem in most of the countries in Africa overlapping tenure claims we have customary tenure overridden by state ownership of land and these often result in conflicts of land use in terms of governance this is a horrible map because I had to condense it from a larger figure but the colours in the map represent the darker colours represent poorer governance the lighter colours indicate in countries with much better governance there are some concerns that funds provided by Red Plus who the finance mechanisms can lead to increased decentralisation given the fact that majority of the forestry sector has become considerably more decentralised will Red Plus result in increased decentralisation increased corruption and ultimately elite capture will the benefits be shared with those who are supposed to be shared with and will it be ultimately business as usual from the environmental perspective benefits from environmental conversion often accrued to elites and national governments rather than local people which has a huge impact on rural livelihoods and hence there's an enormous need for the respect for rights and benefit sharing mechanisms and the CBD are working on a very extensive series of social safeguards to ensure this in theory doesn't happen we published a book with IUCN in 2009 and basically there was a very nice chapter focusing primarily on red and highlighting the issues of potential human rights abuses for Red Plus programmes and ultimately we have to acknowledge that local people have a very important role to play in the design of any red scheme and there's been a whole bunch of pushback if you like from indigenous peoples groups related to red and even the ecologist has highlighted the issues related to indigenous peoples and their potential exclusion from red projects and the ultimate benefits accrued from them and again related to, particularly related to Africa these same issues and a number of groups are bringing up the issues of rights, access and benefit sharing related to red and these are particular concerns because the design of Red Plus in its incipient stages as it is doesn't explicitly include inclusion of indigenous peoples rights and benefit sharing so ultimately a summary of the major constraints one of the problems is particularly in Africa Red Plus is at various stages of development pilot sites have been selected and yet the design and implementation of red as a global concept have yet to be resolved so you have rather loose if you like implementation efforts without the design being effectively in place one interesting thing I read recently was that majority of the red pilot schemes are not being funded by climate change finance and they are actually being funded by the traditional overseas development assistance funding available for most countries and that needs to shift because it ultimately constrains potential sustainability in terms of long term red commitments monitoring, reporting and verification these are extremely complex processes which require very very high capacity in terms of national states and it's something again that C4 are working on with a number of countries to develop a series of framework and guidelines looking at the best means of monitoring Red Plus projects particularly for conditionality making sure that payments are being paid based on performance I mentioned earlier the distribution of incentives where, who are the poor and what role are they going to play in potential Red Plus programs and the regulatory aspects national governments need to put in place the correct and appropriate incentives for Red Plus to make sure they are effective both at the national but also local scales managing risk of government failure I mentioned the government failures in terms of corruption and the corruption indices and are we potentially precipitating a return back to re-centralization of government in Indonesia that's been a major debating point in making sure that the decentralization process that occurred in the 1990s is not being compromised and to re-emphasize this issue of multi-actor participation it's not enough to consult local people but they actually have to receive consent and the issue of free and prior and forth consent for Red Plus programs is critical to making sure that the poorest of the poor who are involved and integrated into these Red Plus projects are fully on board understand why they're on board and ultimately benefit from the financial and potential other benefits that accrue to these particular projects and that's it, so thanks very much