 So Dr. Nguyen from Illinois will go first. So hi, everyone. This is the first conference or meeting that I went to that people don't talk about genome sequencing. And I'm really actually excited about learning a new tune, many new tunes that you have here. So I would like to present an argument for the assessment of groundwater and the microbial quality to strengthen the future development of sensors. So why do we need to know about microbial quality of groundwater? So I did a little bit of research just last week. The most recent available data from CDC showed that in one year, in 2013 and 2014, there were a total of 42 drinking water-associated outbreak reported to CDC. And that is actually not small because it has more than 1,000 INS, 124 people who have to go to the hospital and even 13 deaths. And then I got a look at further in the report, and they found that a third of that is related to groundwater. Another third is related to surface water. The rest of it, another third is related to premisplumbing and drinking water distribution system. So it's distributed really equally. So all of those causes are very important. And since this workshop is about groundwater, so I look at the data for private well. And so what you see on the slide is the top six causes of the outbreak and top five of them are microbial. The first one, hepatitis A, is a virus. And then you can see Giardia, a butyzoa cause. So Giardia, Campyloid, Macta, Shigela, E. coli. So all of those are pathogen-caused diarrhea. And then the last one, the sixth one is related to a number of different contaminants, chemical contaminants. So that shows that this is an important problem that we need to look at it in terms of public health. So this is the most recent and most comprehensive data reviewed on microbial and found in groundwater by Scott Bradford and Charlie Harvey of USGS and USDA. And so most of the data are available from the US because you can see that it's clearly easier to get to do this kind of work in the US. And what we found is there are norovirus pretty much everywhere. You probably know norovirus. That is, I'm sure you all got sick from norovirus at some point or the other. And then there are other bacteria, Kampaito, Macta, Legionella, E. coli. And then also there are protozoa, cryptosprudermyosis in Giardia. So the data I'm showing you here or from the US because it's where the data are available. If you go to developing country, I'm sure the magnitude will be much, much higher. So why we found microbial pathogen in groundwater? There is actually a scientific reason for that because bacteria or microbes or protozoa virus, they are not just particle. They are not that easy to be removed by flowing through the subsurface environment. So with some of the work that we conducted in my group funded by NSF and USDA. So thank you, Jim, for funding this work. That what we found is that there's a very high mobility of microbes in the subsurface environment. So in one graph, I showed the data for the virus, which is the diarrhea causing virus. So the X axis is the separation distance between the virus particle and a sand surface. And on the other axis is the interaction force. And as you see that if you just push, so we use atomic force microscopy to push the rotavirus closer to the sand surface. And we see a huge positive interaction force, meaning that the virus just didn't want to get close to the sand surface, the sand surface repair it. So it just doesn't like to stick to the sand surface. On the other graph, I'm showing you the attachment efficiency as a function of ionic strand. Attachment efficiency, meaning the probability when a micro, for example, stick to another surface. If the attachment efficiency is one, that means that any, like if the virus or a micro in this case, crypto get close to the sand surface, it's the probability will be 100%. However, as you see that in groundwater, ionic strand is very small. So the probability that you can get the crypto particle to stick to the sand surface is less than 10%. So this data show that we did all of this data at a microscopic scale to show the scientific reason why we have high mobility or pathogen in the subsurface environment. So I'm showing this work. So with some work currently, we get also funded from NS7, USDA. We are looking at the water quality in rural environment. The rural region in the US. So in this slide, I'm just going to give you one example. So why this is important. This slide showing you the distribution of septic system in the US. And the states when you see really black color, that is more than 40% of the residents are using septic system. So septic usually go together with private well. So where do we see a lot of septics? North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky. And then the gray color is from 20 to 40% of president using septic tank. So Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma. So those are the states that you can see in here. There's just examples of that. And although the place is the way we are doing some study now. And then, so I just found this map from USGN just last week. So you can see that some of the region that currently have the flooding problem also the state where we have a lot of septics. And another thing that I want to show you some of the photo that we took when we went sampling, there's a lot of infrastructure problem, broken bridges and roads. So the infrastructure is also very important in this case in here. I have learned a lot from this workshop and it seemed that you do a really good job in looking at, in using remote sensing to determine the chain in groundwater quantity. However, given the uncertainty extreme event like flooding and drought, groundwater quality, the presence of microbes and chemical contaminant is going to be a serious challenge. That's what we think. So future groundwater management should also monitor not only the quantity, but also the quality, including chemical and microbial contaminants. And as we seem to all agree that we need data simulation, we need to use a combination of in situ measurement knowledge also knowledge on contaminant, faith and transport, and modeling of groundwater integrated in surface water to solve this challenge. So I'm going to end my presentation with some food for thoughts here. So given the stress on surface water, how can we make sure that future groundwater management also include the information on our quality? Can you develop some sensor network or some remote sensing system that we can help to manage the groundwater over time? Should we develop a national and also maybe global database on pathogens and not only pathogens, also their genome, antibiotic resistant genes, they are sequencing and more importantly, more importantly is the link to hydrology. And do we know the link among land use, server, agricultural, infrastructure and microbial quality of groundwater especially under extreme conditions? And lastly, do we need a new modern for groundwater governance to protect not only its quantity but also its quality? Thank you very much.