 From isolated workers to standardized production, the example of textile craft work during the Bronze Age in France. We have chosen to do this topic because of my further master to degrees work. And I used to work on textile craft work, particularly in Brittany. And even if the material were not as many as I thought, the data corpus was particularly interesting, particularly concerning weaving tools that are not especially well studied in Europe. Or there are a large amount of weaving tools, but the data is very sporadic. And sometimes it's not studied as it should be. So within these studies, I will show the main results and how that particular textile craft evolved during Middle to Final Bronze Age. So this is the first overview of textile research in Europe. So as you can see on this map, this is not really doing, this is only all the textile such as wool that you can then see in the mark. Also some part of the material can be seen in Germany, mostly Switzerland. And in France, this is kind of particular because it was all the area I studied in Brittany. And I didn't thought I would find enough material on this master degree, because pretty grounds are supposed to be very acid. So it was not an easy subject, but within my research I found about 10 to 11 textile remains, which are mostly made of linen, all flags, which is a contrasted bit with all the other European examples we got. For our example in Denmark, in Switzerland, in Germany, we got not mostly wool, but this is a major part. But we don't have that much cleaning tools or spinning tools, for example. But in Brittany, and that's the interesting part, we only have linen remains during all the Bronze Age. Ancient Bronze Age to Final Bronze Age, this is only linen. And the tools that can be associated with seems to be adapted to that particular material. So this is a general overview of the territorial chronology I have made. So the first data, even if I had a few data during my research, there are a few sites that are probably considered as quest work sites, and not in a domestic way, but probably in a more specialized way. So for the Ancient Bronze Age, I have remarked that all the room weights are kind of cylindrical and kind of really heavy. And by heavy, I mean one kilogram and a half to two kilograms, which is kind of heavy for webbing tools. So I decided to do some experiments to see how that particular material can be put on a loom and how it works on a loom, how does it function. And within my studies, I realized with some time that that particular class of room weight was mostly designed and thought to work with linen because fibers of linen and more generally vegetal fibers are more long and more strong than fiber within this period. So there would be too much changing in the tissue and it would be a bad quality if it was made with wool and all the things that have the markets is that the more you advance in times, you can see there is a slight changing in the shapes and in the morphology of these materials. Instead of being cylindrical, it's more like trapezoid shape or train shape, and I tried to do some experiments with that also, but it seems that even if these kind of shapes are more common during the Iron Age, you can already see that there is a kind of tendency during the Iron Age, but still these kinds of tools are still not made for weaving or wool textile craft because it's too heavy, it's about 1.5 or 2 kilograms and you can mostly say that it has some connections with the textile command that we got because every single lumeins that I find are not adapted to fiber mostly and linen and one thing that is interesting is that kind of thing. So when I first started to analyze that, I wasn't sure what I was fine. Unfortunately, all the textile lumeins are not made for clothes, it's made in that particular case for a scabbard element and some data that we can find contradicted in ancient Bronze Age. The tissues were more, I wouldn't say, fine that dedicate that fabric that we can find in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, but mostly because all the tissues that we find in Bronze Age are due for storage. So it is not the same use at all, but with that particular kind of remains, we were able to say that the spindle wool that were used were not heavier than 20 grams because if it was heavier, the diameter of the yarn would have been heavier. So this is a multidisciplinary approach because I couldn't study that as not being a ceremonologist that's why Antoine will do the rest. So first I have to introduce myself, I'm Antoine Coqual, I'm a ceremonist specialized in Ceremonology and in 3D for acology. And I have to apologize already for my rude English, so I will try to speak solute. So I will present you today a small study that I did to help in this master thesis on the loom weights that seems to prove or at least to give us some clues that there were existing standardization and normalization of the production of tissue during the Middle Bronze Age. So the case I will present to you is BD, it's a very particular case of findings of loom weights because they were well contextualized in 3 bits and there is a set where we found the most great number of this object in Britain. So the first thing to find clues of standardized production is the typology. As you can see there on 38 loom weights found there is only 5 types you can find. Smaller and bigger but it seems to be a functional word to form a functional word to be used directly in a loom. Loom weights, when you study loom weights as an object itself it seems to show also that there were special manufacturers to work with special looms. Firstly because the morphological is the same for each type, there is not many differences of weight and condition and more than that there is every loom weights you can find in the center of gravity. I mean there is still always a part with more than the other one. Another clue for standardized production is the marks of a special weight attachment on the looms for the loom weights. As you can see most of the loom weights I like this they present two marks on each side of them which seem to be used now but it also shows that it was attached to a special weight a normalized weight work. Two made to last over time. In fact when all of what I speak the loom weights seems to be well manufactured and all of this object in one of the pits were conserved inside a small portrait. So probably that means also there were tools specialized tools that were precious to conserve. So for methodological reflections this small study perhaps introduced a debate on the interpretation we used to do on that type of object. Domestic or specialized craft because in most of the many publications you can read when they find loom weights just loom weights, it's domestic because they are all loom weights. But in fact it is probably because the ceremonical way to study looms it's not adaptive to that type of object because there are tools and not finite products so a small number of them is not meaning that the production of these two were small. So maybe we need new instigation methods worth with other disciplines maybe a new representation support because to do a tracology on the loom weights with only pictures and drawing it's not very possible. Maybe we should systematically do it in three dimensions. And to quickly conclude we can say through these data that all the details reveal a perfect control of within methods and by that it means that all the tools were calibrated because the length that's one of the things I forgot to say was equivalent of the fabric on the loom weights it was almost the same length when I studied to study that so maybe there is a standardization and we need to have more data to extend firstly the chronology of these studies because it is only from age in Brittany but perhaps if we could study more like first iron age we'll be able to give new answers to these transformations and see if it's due to other kind of weaving techniques if some new weaving techniques appear so you can see some influence on the tools and for that kind of study what could be interesting would be to incorporate paleo-montal taters archaeological and traceological why archaeo-zoology because in some studies it was not entirely proved but it was clearly said that during Bronze Age you can see an increase of ship remains in sites and with that increase it was possible to see in textile remains more textile and fabric made out of wool so it is another clue another step to that kind of studies could be if pastoralism could have influenced weaving craft and if this change could be seen with a multidisciplinary approach let's see it oh I'm over the time it's over